Effects of emergent vegetation on lateral diffusion in wetlands

Constructed wetlands are widely used for a variety of environmental applications, such as wastewater treatment and recharge, and their efficacy is largely determined by the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow system. An experimental study was carried out to quantify the lateral dispersion of passive substances in shallow zones of a constructed wetland wherein water flows though the interstices of the distributed vegetation. The experimental set up was designed to mimic the Tres Rios constructed wetland located in Phoenix, Arizona. The major emphasis was on the lateral diffusivity K(t) of a shallow zone with randomly distributed vegetation. The results are presented in the context of a simple theoretical model where K(t) is expressed in terms of the diameter of the plant stalk D(v), the characteristic distance between the plants d(v), the flow velocity U and the drag coefficient C(D) as (K(t)/UD(v))(d(v)/D(v))=betaC(D), where beta is a dimensionless constant. Fitting of data to the above model indicate that C(D), in general, is a function of the Reynolds number (Re). The data are also compared with a model proposed by Nepf et al. (Water Res 35 (1999) 479).     

城市不透水面及其与城市热岛的关系研究-以泉州市区为例

利用Landsat TM卫星影像提取了泉州市1989到1996年的城市建成区不透水面,并研究了其与城市热岛之间的关系。根据Ridd(1995)提出的城市建成区不透水面与植被覆盖度有很强的负相关关系的思想,先利用归一化植被指数求出泉州市建成区的植被覆盖度,进而提取了泉州市建成区的不透水面。通过比较所提取的两个时相不透水面信息,可以看出泉州市区不透水面的面积在7年里有了明显的增加,并主要沿研究区东南部扩展。通过将所提取的不透水面信息与利用TM6波段反演的地表温度进行相关分析,可发现二者之间存在着明显的正相关关系。     

Biomass estimation over a large area based on standwise forest inventory data and ASTER and MODIS satellite data: A possibility to verify carbon inventories

According to the IPCC GPG (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Good Practice Guidance), remote sensing methods are especially suitable for independent verification of the national LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry) carbon pool estimates, particularly the aboveground biomass. In the present study, we demonstrate the potential of standwise (forest stand is a homogenous forest unit with average size of 1-3 ha) forest inventory data, and ASTER and MODIS satellite data for estimating stand volume (m³ ha^− 1) and aboveground biomass (t ha^− 1) over a large area of boreal forests in southern Finland. The regression models, developed using standwise forest inventory data and standwise averages of moderate spatial resolution ASTER data (15 m × 15 m), were utilized to estimate stand volume for coarse resolution MODIS pixels (250 m × 250 m). The MODIS datasets for three 8-day periods produced slightly different predictions, but the averaged MODIS data produced the most accurate estimates. The inaccuracy in radiometric calibration between the datasets, the effect of gridding and compositing artifacts and phenological variability are the most probable reasons for this variability. Averaging of the several MODIS datasets seems to be one possibility to reduce bias. The estimates obtained were significantly close to the district-level mean values provided by the Finnish National Forest Inventory; the relative RMSE was 9.9%. The use of finer spatial resolution data is an essential step to integrate ground measurements with coarse spatial resolution data. Furthermore, the use of standwise forest inventory data reduces co-registration errors and helps in solving the scaling problem between the datasets. The approach employed here can be used for estimating the stand volume and biomass, and as required independent verification data.     

不同性质城市广场绿化面积比例分析研究

比例是部分对全体在尺度间的调和.城市广场的性质不同,其活动内容和活动对象不同,绿化要求也不同,从而影响到广场的绿化面积比例.广场性质是其绿化面积比例的决定性因子之一.笔者以13个城市的58个城市广场为研究对象,对不同性质广场的绿化面积比例进行了定量分析,针对目前已经出台的国家和地方的相关规范、条例和办法中有关城市广场绿化面积比例的指标要求,进行对比分析,结合绿化面积比例和功能布局满意度的实地调查结果,探讨了指标指导和异质异标原则、绿量补偿、水平和竖向双重评价原则等问题.     

科尔沁沙地黑沙蒿人工植被土壤线虫群落特征

本文针对科尔沁沙地黑沙蒿人工植被土壤线虫的总数、群落组成、营养类群进行了研究。结果表明,随着黑沙蒿种植年限的增加,土壤线虫数量显著增加。不同年限黑沙蒿植被之间土壤线虫总数差异显著(P<0.01)。在本研究中共获得线虫13科19属,其中Acrobeles为优势属。在半流动沙丘生态系统中,植物寄生线虫为优势营养类群;而在黑沙蒿人工植被生态系统中,线虫群落逐渐向以食细菌线虫占优势的方向演替。本实验结果表明,土壤线虫群落结构对退化沙漠生态系统的恢复阶段具有很好的生物指示作用。     

黄土高原现状梯田和林草植被的减沙作用分析

2000年以来,黄河来沙明显减少。本文以黄土高原主要产沙区为对象,利用卫星遥感与实地调查相结合方法,获取2012年研究区各支流的梯田面积和质量信息,分析2010—2013年林草植被覆盖率及其较天然时期的变化;提出林草与梯田叠加作用地区的减沙量计算方法。基于流域尺度上构建的黄土丘陵沟壑区林草植被覆盖率与产沙系数、梯田比与减沙幅度之间的响应关系,计算在多年平均降雨条件下黄河龙门、北洛河状头、汾河河津、渭河咸阳和泾河张家山等5站以上现状林草植被和梯田的减沙能力,其值为10.65亿t,占该区天然年均来沙量的60%。     

Influence of bending rigidity of submerged vegetation on local flow resistance

The different state of the submerged vegetation has different influences on the flow resistance. This paper explores the relationship between the state and the resistance of an individual submerged vegetation, and the relative bending rigidity of the submerged vegetation is determined by the state of the submerged vegetation. Based on the experimental observations, the state and the resistance of an individual submerged vegetation are analyzed under different inflow conditions. At the same time, the influences of the various submerged vegetations on the flow resistance are discussed under the same inflow conditions. Some interesting relationships are obtained between the flow resistance and the relative bending rigidity of the submerged vegetation, and it is shown that the flow resistance increases with the increase of the relative bending rigidity of the submerged vegetation, and they are positively correlated.     

Experimental and numerical study on hydrodynamics of riparian vegetation

Recently, many channelized rivers tend to be heavily vegetated due to regime shifts in hydrological, fluvial and ecological processes. Dense vegetation in a river frequently obstructs a flood flow and reduces conveyance capacity of channels. On the other hand, river vegetation provides various ecological services such as habitats for various species and life, natural cycle of organic and inorganic substances, etc.. It is of engineering importance to understand vegetation hydrodynamics in order to preserve vegetation nature and keep a certain level of flow conveyance capacity. In view that willows tend to be densely vegetated along the shoreline of floodplains or sandbars, a field measurement, a physical model experiment and a numerical analysis were carried out for investigating hydrodynamics in an open channel with riparian vegetation. Discussion was made focusing on flow and shear layer structures developed around the vegetation canopy.     

流域植被类型对洪水径流影响研究

流域中的植被类型对其水文响应过程有重要影响。现将分布式水文物理模型BTOPMC用于日本富士川流域,利用1993年9月的洪水资料,对不同种类植被的洪水径流过程进行了比较研究。计算结果表明,不同类型的植被对洪峰流量、洪峰时刻、涨水和退水速率都有一定的影响。     

水库库滨带植被配置模式及其生态效应研究

库滨带是水库生态系统与陆地生态系统进行物质、能量、信息交换的一个重要过渡带。作为水库边缘的一个缓冲地带,库滨带在涵养水源、保持水土和净化水质方面具有十分重要作用。目前,学术界对库滨带的研究多集中在大型水库,而数量众多的中小型水库往往是地方生产、生活用水的重要来源。因此,有必要对中小水库库滨带植被的配置模式和生态效应进行研究,提出中小型水库不同立地条件的适生树种和优化配置模式,从而提高其涵养水源、保持水土和净化水质的生态效应,以防止和减少中小水库的泥沙淤积,增强水库的供蓄水能力。