关中东部全新世黄土——古土壤序列微量元素分布特征及意义

X-荧光光谱仪、磁化率仪和激光粒度仪对尧禾村(YHC)全新世黄土-古土壤序列的微量元素、磁化率、粘粒(<5μm)含量进行了测量。将磁化率曲线、粘粒曲线、Rb/Sr变化曲线和Ba/Sr变化曲线进行了对比分析发现:YHC剖面的磁化率曲线、粘粒曲线、Rb/Sr曲线和Ba/Sr曲线具有高度的同步同向变化趋势,可很好的指示研究区域内全新世的气候变化。而元素的含量变化是该区域气候变化的结果,其中Pb元素在黄土中的含量明显高于古土壤层,属于淋失性元素。Mn、Cr、Cu、Zn、Co、Ti元素在古土壤含量高于黄土层,属于富集性元素。     

Optimizing Nitrogen Fertilizer–Use Recommendations for Winter Wheat in a Mediterranean‐Type Environment using Tissue Nitrate Testing

Abstract

Although nitrogen (N) fertilizer use is essential for economic yields of modern field crops, whether rainfed or irrigated, the underlying concern is to maximize nutrient‐use efficiency and avoid excessive N use that results in deterioration of water quality from the environmental standpoint as well in the interest as human and animal health. Soil testing for N forms and total plant N analysis can contribute to the efficient use of N, but both strategies have limitations. Accordingly, tissue testing of the growing crop has been promoted as an alternative approach. Although such tests have been widely used in the West to monitor the N status of crops, they are rarely used in developing countries. A 2‐year field trial examined the potential of tissue testing of rainfed wheat in a typical Mediterranean environment in the Cukurova region of southern Turkey, because observations from wells in the region had suggested increasing and excessive nitrate levels, most probably from fertilizer N use. The trial, in essence, compared different levels of N fertilizer application based on farmers' traditional application in addition to considering soil mineral N with tissue N based on a color index to refine N application recommendations. The measurements were taken in conjunction with observations on wheat yields. The study showed that using the combined approach of soil and tissue nitrate resulted in lowering the N fertilizer recommendations without any lowering of crop yields, clear evidence that farmers had been using excessive amounts of fertilizer N in the absence of limited or no official guidelines. Thus, such tests should be promoted to replace traditional fertilizer application practices as a simple and easily used tool to improve N‐use efficiency for the farmer, in addition to reducing negative environmental impacts of such use. The quick tests can help promote the awareness of the potential negative effects of overuse of N fertilizer.     

混合施用微咸水和氮肥对甜高粱生物量和产糖量的影响

Soil salinization and non-point source pollution are among the most important and widespread environmental problems in European Mediterranean regions. Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench var. saccharatum) is a moderate to high salinity tolerant crop with low water and nutrient needs, seen as an alternative to grow in the water scarce regions. A three-year multifactorial study was conducted in southern Portugal to evaluate the combined effects of saline water and nitrogen application on the dry biomass (total, stems, and leaves), sugar content (total reducing sugars and sucrose contents), and sugar yield (here defined as the product of total reducing sugars and stems dry biomass) functions of sweet sorghum. Sorghum dry biomass and sugar yield showed diminishing returns for each incremental change of nitrogen. The use of saline irrigation waters also led to yield reduction. Exception was sucrose content which increased with increasing levels of sodium in the soil. Nitrogen need decreased as the amount of sodium applied increased. Stem dry biomass, sucrose content, and sugar yield progressively increased with progress in the experiment. The effect could be attributed to the increase of the amount of irrigation applied throughout the years, thus increasing the leaching fraction which promoted salt leaching from the root zone, reduced the salinity stress, increased plant transpiration, nitrogen uptake and biomass yield.     

Classifying land cover conversions in coastal wetlands in the Mediterranean: Pairwise comparisons of landsat images

This study classified land cover conversions by using quantitative change detection methods in the eastern Mediterranean coastal wetlands of Turkey. Three Landsat TM scenes acquired in 1984, 1998 and 2007 were analysed using image pairs of consecutive dates. The amounts of change were calculated for the periods from 1984 to 1998 and from 1998 to 2007, using binary change masks and supervised image classifications, in which eleven a priori defined land cover classes were used. Change areas accounted for 14.81 and 15.64 per cent of the total area, in the first and second periods, respectively. Conversions from/to sand dunes, mud flats and afforestation were by far the most extensive changes. Sand dunes and mud flats decreased, while afforestation and agriculture areas increased in the 23‐year period between 1984 and 2007. Five types of qualitative change were identified on the basis of land cover transformations within and between natural and anthropogenic systems. Type I changes, which indicated conversions from (semi)natural to anthropogenic systems, took place as agricultural expansion over coastal sand dunes, while Type II changes mostly occurred within agricultural systems. Type III changes included changes in human uses, leading to conversions from one anthropogenic system to another. Conversions between semi(natural) systems such as salt marshes and mud‐flats were typical Type IV changes. Type V changes were mainly due to conversions from agriculture to wetland categories or other semi(natural) cover types. Implications of these changes were discussed for management of coastal environmental resources. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四倍体刺槐在青海东部的适应性

在青海省东部进行四倍体刺槐的引种试验,结果表明,饲用型四倍体刺槐均能适应当地的气候条件,且能安全越冬,成活率均达到90%以上;在3个地区的四倍体刺槐生长情况方面,随着立地条件的降低,四倍体刺槐表现性状有所下降.该树种有望成为青海东部地区发展畜牧业和水土保持的优良树种.     

东祁连山高寒草地土壤微生物碳氮研究

在青藏高原东祁连山段,嵩草草地、金露梅灌丛草地、珠芽蓼-嵩草草地、高山柳-金露梅灌丛草地、禾草草地、沼泽草地上,分层(0~10 cm,10~20 cm)采集了土壤样品,分析了土壤有机C、全N和微生物量C、N含量的关系。结果表明:在一定范围内,青藏高原东祁连山段高寒草地土壤微生物量C、N含量与土壤有机C、全N表现出了很好的相关性。不同草原类型的表层土壤有机C含量顺序为:高山柳-金露梅灌丛草地>珠芽蓼-嵩草草地>嵩草草地>金露梅灌丛草地>沼泽草地>禾草草地;土壤全N含量顺序为:嵩草草地>金露梅灌丛草地>高山柳-金露梅灌丛草地>珠芽蓼-嵩草草地>沼泽草地>禾草草地。土壤微生物量C随着土层深度的增加而减少,微生物量C变化在251.6~1 562.5 mg/kg之间,微生物量N变化在18.5~50.9 mg/kg之间,微生物量C/N在12~32之间。土壤微生物量碳(Cmic)占土壤有机碳的(Corg)的比例在0.3%~1.7%之间。不同草原类型的土壤微生物量C、N含量差异较大。     

黑龙江省东部山区谷地红皮云杉生态学与生物学特性

系统研究了黑龙江省东部山区谷地红皮云杉的高生长量,径生长量,树高生长与积温、降水、日照时数的关系,土壤含水率对种子发芽的影响及红皮云杉的更新。结果表明:云杉5月中旬开始高生长,6月中旬达到高峰,7月中旬停止高生长;胸径生长一般在6月中旬,7月上旬进入速生期,8月初生长开始减慢,并于中旬停止生长。云杉的高生长与积温紧密相关;土壤含水率与苗木高生长相关密切。塔河、乌伊岭、汤旺河、红星的云杉为进展种群,而五营和带岭的云杉为衰退种群。     

Effects of winter grazing on spring production of lucerne under Mediterranean conditions

The effects of one severe winter‐grazing of lucerne were studied over 3 years in an experiment in the Ebro Valley, Spain. In this region the crop is harvested six to seven times per season and winter grazing is a traditional practice. On average, winter‐grazing reduced the yield at the first harvest in spring by 200 kg dry matter (DM) ha^?1. This limited yield reduction of 0·06 was accompanied by an increase in the proportion of lucerne in the herbage DM from 0·54 to 0·62, a reduction in the proportion of weeds from 0·39 to 0·36, and a reduction in the proportion of dead material from 0·06 to 0·02. The crude protein concentration and the in vitro DM digestibility increased by 20 g kg^?1 DM and 0·03, respectively. The traditional practice, i.e. of grazing lucerne with sheep once in the winter season, results in only a limited reduction in yield in the spring. In addition, the spring crop has a higher nutritive value.     

Response of herbage regrowth and water-soluble carbohydrate concentration of ryegrass species to defoliation practices when grown in a Mediterranean environment

Three experiments were conducted to determine the association between leaf number per tiller at defoliation, water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration and herbage mass of juvenile ryegrass plants when grown in a Mediterranean environment. Seedlings of ryegrass were grown in nursery pots arranged side‐by‐side and located outside in the open‐air to simulate a mini‐sward in Experiments 1 and 2, and a mixture of annual ryegrass and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) was grown in a small plot field study in Experiment 3. Swards were defoliated mechanically with the onset of defoliation commencing within 28 d of germination. Frequency of defoliation ranged from one to nine leaves per tiller, whilst defoliation height ranged from 30 mm of pseudostem height that removed all leaf laminae in Experiment 1, to 50 mm of pseudostem height with some leaf laminae remaining post‐defoliation in Experiments 2 and 3. A positive relationship between herbage mass of ryegrass, WSC concentration and leaf number per tiller at defoliation was demonstrated in all experiments. In Experiment 1, the herbage mass of leaf, pseudostem and roots of tillers defoliated at one leaf per tiller was reduced to 0·10, 0·09 and 0·06 of those tillers defoliated less frequently at six leaves per tiller. However, the reduction in herbage mass from frequent defoliation was less severe in Experiment 2 and coincided with a 0·20 reduction in WSC concentration of pseudostem compared with 0·80 measured during Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, the highest harvested herbage mass of ryegrass occurred when defoliation was nine leaves per tiller. Although the harvested herbage from this sward contained senescent herbage, the in vitro dry‐matter digestibility of the harvested herbage did not differ significantly compared with the remaining treatments that had been defoliated more frequently. Leaf numbers of newly germinated ryegrass tillers in a Mediterranean environment were positively associated with WSC concentration of pseudostem and herbage mass. A minimum period of two to three leaf appearances was required to restore WSC concentrations to levels measured prior to defoliation thereby avoiding a significant reduction in herbage mass. However, maximum herbage mass of a mixed sward containing ryegrass and subterranean clover was achieved when defoliation was delayed to nine leaves per tiller.     

The effects of human trampling on the microbiological properties of soil and vegetation in mediterranean mountain areas

Increased tourist activity and recreational use of wilderness and other protected areas has endangered zones of high environmental value. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of trampling intensity (low, high use trails and untrampled trails) and distance from the trails (on the trails, at 10 and 20 m from the trails) on the vegetation, chemical, physical and microbiological properties of a soil in Mediterranean mountain areas. Trail type and distance from the trail significantly influenced several parameters. High use trails showed lower values of plant cover and diversity of vegetation species, as well as soil respiration and some enzyme activities (phosphatase, β‐glucosidase and dehydrogenase) than low use trails. In addition, the effects of trampling spatially extended further from these high use trails than from low use trails. Statistical analysis showed that some microbiological (basal respiration, dehydrogenase activity and β‐glucosidase activity) and vegetal parameters (plant cover and diversity) may be established as a set of indicators for the evaluation of soil quality on these areas subjected to human trampling. We concluded that trampling significantly impacts on soil microbial processes and vegetal communities, and visitor should be restricted from entering ecologically sensitive areas due to the effects of trampling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.