Chemistry of Secondary Polyphenols Produced during Processing of Tea and Selected Foods

This review will discuss recent progress in the chemistry of secondary polyphenols produced during food processing. The production mechanism of the secondary polyphenols in black tea, whisky, cinnamon, and persimmon fruits will be introduced. In the process of black tea production, tea leaf catechins are enzymatically oxidized to yield a complex mixture of oxidation products, including theaflavins and thearubigins. Despite the importance of the beverage, most of the chemical constituents have not yet been confirmed due to the complexity of the mixture. However, the reaction mechanisms at the initial stages of catechin oxidation are explained by simple quinone–phenol coupling reactions. In vitro model experiments indicated the presence of interesting regio- and stereoselective reactions. Recent results on the reaction mechanisms will be introduced. During the aging of whisky in oak wood barrels, ellagitannins originating from oak wood are oxidized and react with ethanol to give characteristic secondary ellagitannins. The major part of the cinnamon procyanidins is polymerized by copolymerization with cinnamaldehyde. In addition, anthocyanidin structural units are generated in the polymer molecules by oxidation which accounts for the reddish coloration of the cinnamon extract. This reaction is related to the insolubilization of proanthocyanidins in persimmon fruits by condensation with acetaldehyde. In addition to oxidation, the reaction of polyphenols with aldehydes may be important in food processing.     

Immobilization of polyphenol oxidase on alginate–SiO2 hybrid gel: stability and preliminary applications in the removal of aqueous phenol

An organic/inorganic hybrid gel of alginate–SiO₂ (ALG–SiO₂) was used to immobilize the partially purified potato polyphenol oxidase (PPO) for the treatment of phenolic wastewater. The influences of alginate concentration, quantity of both enzyme and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) on immobilization were investigated. The Michaelis constant for immobilized PPO was determined as 14.7 mmol L⁻¹ at 25 °C, and the highest activity of immobilized PPO was achieved at pH 7.0. The ALG–SiO₂ immobilized PPO was more stable than the free PPO or ALG(alone) immobilized PPO. This study suggests that ALG–SiO₂ immobilized PPO might be a potential tool for the removal of phenolic compounds from industrial wastewater. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Decrease of the chlorogenic acid content in commercial sunflower meal using a polyphenol oxidase preparation secreted by the white‐rot fungus Trametes versicolor ATCC 42530

BACKGROUND: Sunflower meal (SFM) is a by‐product from the oil extraction process from sunflower seeds. The meal is used as a protein supplement in the livestock diet. However, relatively high levels of polyphenols, among which chlorogenic (CGA) and caffeic acids are in larger amounts, in the meal compromises its use for animal feed and human consumption. The aim of this work was to investigate an enzymatic process for upgrading the quality of SFM by decreasing its CGA content using an enzyme preparation from the white‐rot fungus Trametes versicolor. RESULTS: The effects of pH, temperature, enzyme and meal concentrations, and mass transfer on the decrease of the CGA content in SFM were investigated. It was found that: (1) the optimum pH and temperature were 3.4 and 45 °C, respectively. (2) The system was saturated with the enzyme when its concentration was 5 nkat/mL of liquid phase; (3) the agitation speed of the system influenced the extraction of CGA from the meal; and (4) the conversion of CGA in the SFM system increased in the presence of larger volumes of liquid phase. CONCLUSIONS: The enzyme preparation used in the experiments is able to decrease successfully the CGA content in SFM. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

印楝叶多酚提取及体外抗氧化活性

采用福林-肖卡法,以没食子酸为对照品,在750 nm波长测定印楝叶中多酚含量。用单因素和响应曲面法设计实验,考察了提取温度、提取时间、乙醇体积分数3个响应变量以及变量之间交互作用对印楝叶多酚提取效果的影响,对提取工艺进行优化。同时,体外实验评价印楝叶多酚的抗氧化能力。结果表明,印楝叶多酚提取的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度77℃,提取时间80 min,乙醇体积分数50%;响应变量影响顺序为:提取温度提取时间乙醇体积分数;印楝叶中多酚提取得率平均为3.12%,与模型预测值相符。相同浓度下印楝叶多酚的抗氧化能力强于Vc,其清除DPPH自由基的半数抑制质量浓度(IC50)约为4.6 mg/L,低于Vc的半数抑制质量浓度(IC50)9.8 mg/L。清除羟自由基(·OH)的半数抑制质量浓度(IC50)约为23 mg/L,低于Vc的半数抑制质量浓度(IC50)85 mg/L。     

漆酶及其应用

漆酶是一种含铜多酚氧化酶,具有催化氧化酚型底物的能力.漆酶在很多领域得到了广泛的应用.本文主要从纸浆的生物漂白、生物制浆、去除氯酚类化合物的毒性等几个方面进行了介绍.     

茶叶抗氧剂及副产品综合制取

研究了以碎茶为原料获得了在一次工艺中制取茶叶抗氧剂、咖啡碱、叶绿素的最佳工艺条件，并对茶多酚的纯度与抗氧性的关系，柠檬酸对茶多酚的抗氧增效作用进行了研究，指出茶多酚作为抗氧剂产品必须具有较高的纯度。     

酸处理对采后荔枝果皮色泽与生理活性的影响

以淮枝果实为试材,研究了酸处理对新鲜荔枝及冷藏过程中果实的果皮色泽、pH值、组织相对电导率、花色素苷含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)的影响。试验结果表明:酸处理使新鲜荔枝果实的色泽鲜艳,但并不能增加花色素苷的含量,同时,显著抑制PPO、POD酶活性(p<0.05);2%酸处理加速了冷藏果实的褪色与褐变,花色素苷含量较快下降,而4%酸处理2min的果实在冷藏过程中,果皮pH值缓慢升高,色泽指标及花色素苷含量维持在较高水平,PPO、POD酶活性明显低于对照,果实不表现明显冷害症状。