马尾松-火力楠混交林营养元素与养分循环研究

对马尾松-火力楠混交林生态系统的营养元素分布与生物循环进行了研究,并以马尾松纯林作对照.在纯林和混交林生态系统中,5种主要养分元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)的总贮量分别为176.29 t.hm-2和188.00 t.hm-2,其中土壤层的养分贮量分别占生态系统总贮量的98.10%和98.7%,其次是乔木层(分别占1.73%和1.18%),林下植被层的养分贮量最小(约占0.05%).混交林和纯林的养分年净积累量分别为196.76 kg.hm-2.a-1和100.60 kg.hm-2.a-1,年吸收量分别为357.96 kg.hm-2.a-1和213.52 kg.hm-2.a-1.N、P、K在混交林中的周转时间较纯林短,而Ca、Mg则相反.混交林对N的利用系数最大,对Ca的利用系数最小;纯林对Mg的利用系数最大,对P的利用系数最小.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域水土养分流失特征研究

采用人工模拟降雨和定位观测相结合的方法, 研究了典型的黄土丘陵沟壑区王家沟流域水土养分流失特征, 提出了水土流失量与降雨量、前期土壤含水率、土壤、地形、植被等有关自然因素间的定量关系. 研究结果显示坡地损失的养分总量占其养分输出总量的近 80%. 流失泥沙中的细小颗粒是养分流失的主要载体, 采用综合治理措施能有效控制小流域土水养分流失.     

从中外膳食模式比较看科学饮食营养

合理的膳食结构、良好的饮食习惯与方式、合适的营养素比例以及平衡膳食，是保证人体正常生理功能和健康的必要措施。科学的膳食营养会给人们带来健康的体魄。通过中外膳食模式的比较，得出中国居民的理想膳食模式，是以谷类为主、多吃果蔬、常食奶类、豆类和适量的鱼、禽、蛋、瘦肉类，保持进食量与体力活动的平衡。维持适当体重。     

包膜控释尿素对大棚辣椒的增产及土壤肥力效应的研究

对施用包膜控释尿素的大棚辣椒进行了田间试验,并对辣椒的品质进行了测试分析。结果表明:控释尿素与普通尿素相比有显著的增产效果,D90产量最高为34.83thm-2,比对照增产10.51thm-2,增产率为43.2%;比尿素增产6.59thm-2,增产率为23.3%;D60与普通尿素产量差异不显著;比对照增产5.68thm-2,增产率为23.4%;控释尿素具有增加单株果数、单果重的效果和增强辣椒生长的作用;辣椒施用控释尿素的硝酸盐含量最低,普通尿素最高;Vc和可溶性糖含量均以控释尿素为最高,普通尿素最低。综合品质指标依次为:控释尿素>普通尿素。说明控释尿素具有提高蔬菜品质的突出效应,特别在提高蔬菜的安全品质方面贡献最大。控释尿素的施用可增强土壤多酚氧化酶活性、磷酸酶、脲酶活性,特别能协调氮、磷、钾养分供应的平衡性,土壤酶活性的高低可以反映土壤养分转化的强弱。综合各项,在辣椒生产中以选用D90包膜控释尿素为最好,并适当配合D60和普通尿素。     

砂姜黑土长期定位施肥对小麦生长及土壤养分含量的影响

砂姜黑土10年定位试验结果表明:施肥是砂姜黑土小麦增产的关键,N肥增产贡献率为69.4%,P肥增产贡献率为23.3%,K肥为7.3%。P、K肥的肥效随时间的推移逐渐提高。凡施肥处理土壤有机质含量都有所提高,施P处理土壤速效P含量提高幅度较大,每年每公顷施135kg K2O尚不能满足一年两季作物的高产需求,应适当提高K肥用量。     

IMPACT OF CHANGING HYDROLOGY ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN HIGH ARCTIC RIVERS

Despite the importance of river nutrient retention in regulating downstream water quality and the potential alterations to nutrient fluxes associated with climate‐induced changes in Arctic hydrology, current understanding of nutrient cycling in Arctic river systems is limited. This study adopted an experimental approach to quantify conceptual water source contributions (meltwater, groundwater), environmental conditions and uptake of NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, PO₄^3? and acetate at 12 headwater rivers in Svalbard and so determine the role of changing hydrology on nutrient uptake in these Arctic river systems. Most rivers exhibited low demand for NO₃^? and PO₄^3?, but demand for NH₄⁺ and acetate was more variable and in several rivers comparable with that measured in sub‐Arctic regions. The proportion of meltwater contributing to river flow was not significantly related to nutrient uptake. However, NH₄⁺ uptake was associated positively with algal biomass, water temperature and transient storage area, whereas acetate uptake was associated positively with more stable river channels. Mean demand for NH₄⁺ increased when added with acetate, suggesting NH₄⁺ retention may be facilitated by labile dissolved organic carbon availability in these rivers. Consequently, nutrient export from Arctic river systems could be influenced in future by changes in hydrological and environmental process interactions associated with forecasted climate warming. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thiamine and Fatty Acid Content of Lake Michigan Chinook Salmon

Nutritional status of Lake Michigan Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is inadequately documented. An investigation was conducted to determine muscle and liver thiamine content and whole body fatty acid composition in small, medium and large Chinook salmon. Muscle and liver thiamine concentrations were highest in small salmon, and tended to decrease with increasing fish size. Muscle thiamine was higher in fall than spring in large salmon. The high percentage of Chinook salmon (24–32% in fall and 58–71% in spring) with muscle thiamine concentration below 500 pmol/g, which has been associated with loss of equilibrium and death in other Great Lake salmonines, suggest that Chinook appear to rely less on thiamine than other Great Lakes species for which such low concentrations would be associated with thiamine deficiency (Brown et al. 2005b). A positive correlation was observed between liver total thiamine and percent liver lipids (r = 0.53, P < 0.0001, n = 119). In medium and large salmon, liver lipids were observed to be low in fish with less than 4,000 pmol/g liver total thiamine. In individuals with greater than 4,000 pmol/g liver thiamine, liver lipid increased with thiamine concentration. Individual fatty acids declined between fall and spring. Essential omega-3 fatty acids appear to be conserved as lipid content declined. Arachidonic acid (C20:4n6), an essential omega-6 fatty acid was not different between fall and spring, although the sum of omega-6 (Sw6) fatty acids declined over winter. Elevated concentrations of saturated fatty acids (sum) were observed in whole body tissue lipid. In summary, thiamine, a dietary essential vitamin, and individual fatty acids were found to vary in Lake Michigan Chinook salmon by fish size and season of the year.     

Effect of slaked lime and gypsum on acidity alleviation and nutrient leaching in an acid soil from Southern China

A soil column experiment was made to study the effects of slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂) and gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) on soil acidity, soil solution chemistry and nutrient leaching in an acid soil from Southern China. Results showed that application of sufficient slaked lime to initially increase the pH of the topsoil by 1 unit caused an increase in pH to 5 cm deeper than the layer of application as a result of bicarbonate leaching. With leaching of Ca from slaked lime or gypsum from the topsoil to the subsoil there was a decrease in exchangeable Al in the subsoil. Surface application of slaked lime or gypsum or both decreased the activity of toxic Al and increased AlSO₄ ⁺ activity in the subsoil solution. The Ca added in slaked lime or gypsum was accounted for by the increase in exchangeable Ca over the soil profile and the leaching loss. By contrast there was a negative balance of extractable sulfate and aluminum in the soil, indicating the formation of precipitates. There was little mineralisation of N and formation of NO₃ ^- under the conditions of the experiment. The leaching of cations in this soil treated with slaked lime or gypsum was driven by the dynamics of sulfate.     

河北省张北县土地质量地球化学调查评价—以台路沟乡为例

为助力河北省张家口市张北县脱贫攻坚,基于台路沟乡土地质量调查数据,分析了该乡土壤元素地球化学特征,划分了土壤地球化学等级、灌溉水等级,以及土地质量地球化学等级。养分元素主要较缺乏磷及速效钾、硼、铜、硒。土壤环境地球化学综合评价等级以一等无风险区为主,占总面积的98.88%。二等风险可控区占总面积的1.12%,主要是受Ni元素的污染影响。约97.49%的面积符合绿色食品产地环境质量标准,具有开发绿色食品的巨大潜力。灌溉水各元素均处于限量标准以下,为优质灌溉水。土地质量地球化学等级以良好级质量为主,占总面积的66.46%;优质级区占总面积的18.57%,中等级占总面积的14.97%,无差等、劣等级。相关成果可为张北县土地利用规划、水源涵养功能区和生态环境支撑区建设、资源环境承载力评价和国土空间适宜性评价提供基础资料。     

Nitrous oxide generation in full-scale biological nutrient removal wastewater treatment plants

International guidance for estimating emissions of the greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N₂O), from biological nutrient removal (BNR) wastewater systems is presently inadequate. This study has adopted a rigorous mass balance approach to provide comprehensive N₂O emission and formation results from seven full-scale BNR wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). N₂O formation was shown to be always positive, yet highly variable across the seven plants. The calculated range of N₂O generation was 0.006-0.253 kgN₂O-N per kgN denitrified (average: 0.035 ± 0.027). This paper investigated the possible mechanisms of N₂O formation, rather than the locality of emissions. Higher N₂O generation was shown to generally correspond with higher nitrite concentrations, but with many competing and parallel nitrogen transformation reactions occurring, it was very difficult to clearly identify the predominant mechanism of N₂O production. The WWTPs designed and operated for low effluent TN (i.e. <10 mgN L⁻¹) had lower and less variable N₂O generation factors than plants that only achieved partial denitrification.