Neutron activation analysis as a method for measuring soil removal of unsaturated oils and for estimating their degree of aging on fabric

Neutron activation analysis of bromine-tagged oils on fabric provides a quantitative method for evaluating the degree of aging of unsaturated oils on fabric as well as a new method for measuring their soil removal by estimating the quantity of double bonds, before and after laundering. When aged at 21°C for 5 wk, 62, 63, and 20% of double bonds remained for oleic acid, triolein, and squalene, respectively. At 40°C, no double bonds were left after aging of oleic acid and triolein, whereas about 8% of the double bonds remained for squalene. A comparison of this method with the radiotracer method for soil removal measurements shows good agreement between the two methods. Proper treatment time for bromine tagging of unsaturated oils on fabric is any time between 90 s and 10 min under the bromination procedure used. The tagging of double bonds by bromine vapor has advantages of the exact one-to-one reaction ratio between Br₂ and the number of double bonds of unsaturated oleic acid or triolein, as well as a much lower cost than other tagging reagents like OsO₄. Because blank unsoiled fabric was shown to take up Br₂, fabric swatches of the same size should be used as controls in neutron activation analysis. This method has advantages of its sensitivity to small amounts, use of nonlabeled soil, quantitative measurement, and ease of sample preparation over the chemical measurement of iodine value.     

Statistical Estimation of the Gasoline Octane Number Requirement of New Model Automobiles

A new method is proposed for estimating the octane number of gasoline required by new model automobiles. Tests of the assumptions underlying the method, and an illustration of its application, are given.     

基于有限信息融合的中央银行大额支付系统反洗钱管理模型

针对跨行洗钱犯罪的复杂性和协作性,在中央银行大额支付系统(HVPS)框架内,综合有限信息管理新方法,构建了新型的反洗钱管理模型。该模型采用分布式检测点采集排队队列中的洗钱信息,从而对大额支付系统中的协作洗钱犯罪进行整合的动态跟踪。它采用了基于事件的描述方法记录洗钱犯罪过程,应用灰色关联度算法实现大额支付系统中的多检测点信息融合,通过有限信息发掘出大额支付系统中的异常操作行为,最终应用功率谱估计算法实现洗钱犯罪的快速分析与识别。仿真测试结果证明,该模型与传统的反洗钱管理模型相比,洗钱客户覆盖率和发现精确度超过12%以上,而洗钱事件召回率提高了5%以上。从总体来看,该模型具有较高的信息处理效率和处理精度。     

论我国反洗钱的法制完善

我国1997年刑法中规定了洗钱罪,并规定其上游犯罪是毒品犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪和走私犯罪,虽然在2001年的司法解释中又增加了恐怖活动组织犯罪,但其上游犯罪的范围规定的明显过狭,不利于有效地打击与洗钱有关的一些违法犯罪活动,而且对洗钱行为的追究也常借助于其他罪名,不能有效地惩治洗钱犯罪.为了有效打击洗钱犯罪.反洗钱的法制应进一步完善.     

美国打击洗钱犯罪国际战略演变研究

以9·1事件为标志,美国打击洗钱犯罪的国际战略可分为两个阶段：9·11以前以打击传统的洗钱犯罪为主;9· 11以后在战略上将打击传统的洗钱行为和恐怖融资并行.以国际组织为战略平台,以多边和双边的战略合作为手段,在全球范围内逐步推行符合美国国家利益的国际反洗钱标准是美国打击国际洗钱犯罪国家战略的重要特点.美国打击国际洗钱犯罪的国际战略由单一目标向双目标的发展,是美国反洗钱国际战略走向成熟的标志,也是国际社会反洗钱历史进程的一个缩影.     

洗涤中氧化作用和机械冲击对织物强度的影响

为了解家用洗涤过程中含漂白剂洗衣粉对织物的损伤情况,借鉴AATCC快速洗涤测定织物色差的方法,研究机械冲击力和氧化双重作用下,棉织物强度的损伤特性.实验表明,在没有机械冲击作用的情况下,含漂白剂的洗衣粉要比普通洗衣粉损伤大,但是在有机械力存在的情况下,洗涤过程中洗衣粉中的氧化剂给予织物的额外损伤将变得不明显,这说明在洗衣粉中添加氧化剂或洗涤过程中添加氧化漂白成分,其化学损伤可以被机械损伤掩盖.     

Cross-sectional study of the relationship between cloth udder towel management,towel bacteria counts,and intramammary infection in late-lactation dairy cows

Because cloth udder towels (CUT) may function as a fomite for mastitis-causing pathogens, most udder health laboratories offer towel culture services as a tool to monitor towel hygiene. However, no studies have investigated if an association exists between bacteria levels in CUT and udder health outcomes. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to (1) describe associations between herd-level measures of towel bacteria count (ToBC) and quarter-level intramammary infection (IMI) status in late-lactation cows, (2) establish pathogen-specific target levels of bacteria in CUT to aid the interpretation of towel culture reports, and (3) identify laundering-related risk factors for high ToBC. The study was conducted in 67 herds from 10 dairy states in the United States that used CUT. These 67 herds were originally recruited as part of a larger (80 herd) cross-sectional study of bedding management. Each herd was visited once during December 2017 to April 2018 and quarter-milk samples (n = 4,656) were collected from late-gestation (>180 d pregnant) cows (n = 1,313). Two recently laundered CUT were collected and a questionnaire was used to collect information about pre-milking teat preparation and CUT management practices. Quarter-level IMI status was determined using standard bacteriologic methods. In addition, colony-forming units of all bacteria (total bacteria), Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. or Streptococcus-like organisms (SSLO), coliforms, noncoliform gram-negatives, and Bacillus spp. were determined for each pair of CUT (log₁₀ cfu/cm²). The association between ToBC and IMI was determined using multivariable logistic regression with mixed effects. After dichotomizing ToBC into high and low categories, associations between towel management practices and ToBC category were determined using unconditional logistic regression. The quarter-level prevalence of IMI was 19.6%, which was predominantly caused by non-aureus Staphylococcus spp. (NAS; 10.2%) and SSLO (5.1%). The predominant bacteria in CUT were Bacillus spp. (median = 3.13 log₁₀ cfu/cm²). Total bacteria count was not associated with odds of IMI (odds ratio = 1.06), likely due to the predominance of Bacillus spp. in CUT and low number of IMI caused by Bacillus spp. In contrast, counts of Staphylococcus spp. and SSLO were positively associated with odds of IMI caused by NAS (odds ratio = 1.33) and SSLO (odds ratio = 1.45), respectively. Of 12 CUT management practices evaluated, only the failure to use a dryer was identified as a clear predictor of risk for a high ToBC (risk ratio of high coliform count = 8.17). Our study findings suggest that CUT may act as a fomite for NAS and SSLO. We recommend that herds aim to keep counts of Staphylococcus spp. and SSLO in CUT below 32 cfu/cm² (or 5 cfu/in²), and that laundered towels be completely dried in a hot air dryer.     

基于改进随机森林的洗钱交易角色识别应用

对于识别洗钱交易中钱庄账户的方法、现有公安办案方法与现有研究基于机器预警方法存在准确度低且滞后的问题，本文分析洗钱犯罪集团中钱庄与客户的交易行为特点，从主体背景属性、交易统计量、交易网络、交易行为离群4种角度提取一系列特征进行刻画，并通过随机森林进行特征选择与优化，在已经标注过的数据上进行模型训练与验证，形成一个能够对参与洗钱交易者身份进行自动识别的应用。通过实际数据验证可以发现有严重危害的钱庄经营者。     

金属漂白活化剂对氨纶弹性织物白度影响及机理分析

为了解金属漂白活化剂体系对氨纶弹性织物白度的影响,通过在两类不同洗涤剂(分别含漂白剂和生物酶)中添加漂白活化剂,对氨纶弹性织物和氨纶丝进行模拟家用低温洗涤,利用测色配色仪测试织物和氨纶丝洗涤前后白度变化,通过采用FITR-ATR,SEM测试方法对氨纶纤维进行分析表征.结果表明:在含漂白剂成分的洗涤剂中添加金属漂白活化剂,可提高织物白度,但随洗涤次数增加织物白度反而降低,在洗涤过程中过强的活性氧会造成氨纶丝氧化损伤,分子中异氰酸酯被氧化生成有色物质;在含生物酶洗涤剂中添加金属漂白活化剂,不能提高织物白度.     

Lipid soil removal from cotton fabric after mercerization and carboxymethylation finishing

Soiling and soil removal from cotton fabrics that had been chemically modified by mercerization and carboxymethylation were studied using electron microscopy and radiotracer techniques. The distribution of lard soil in specimens before and after laudering was determined by means of chemical tagging with osmium tetroxide. Both the chemical and physical changes of the cotton resulted in differences in soiling and soil removal of lipid soil. Mercerization and carboxymethylation of cotton swell the cotton fiber, decrease the crenulation and the lumen, and smooth the fiber surface. These finishes also increase the pore volume and thus the chemical accessibility of the fibrillar structure. In addition, carboxymethylation causes changes in the chemistry of the fiber by increasing the carboxyl group content. These structural changes reduce the amount of soil deposited in the lumen of the fiber, particularly for the carboxymethylated cotton. They also increase soil removal from the crenulation and the interfiber spaces in the yarn bundle. Soil removal from fiber surfaces and from within the fiber—both lumen and secondary wall—was highest for the carboxymethylated cotton, and mercerization also enhanced lipid soil removal. The results of this experiment indicate that chemical accessibility and hydrophilicity of the fiber structure influence both soil deposition and soil removal of lipid soils. Soil removal of these modified cottons is enhanced by multiple mechanisms: (i) the decrease in small crevices and the crenulation or small capillary along the fiber, (ii) the increase in pore volume that enhances chemical accessibility and thus detergency within the fiber structure, (iii) the increase in hydrophilicity that enhances soil removal from the surface by the roll-up mechanism, (iv) the increase of mechanical action due to enhanced swelling of the carboxymethylated cotton, and (v) the reduction of soil redeposition on carboxymethylated surfaces.