A place for Bobo in play therapy.

Some therapists hold that the Bobo and other aggressive toys should be excluded from the playroom as they elicit acting-out behavior that is transferred to the world outside the playroom. However, many therapists view the inclusion of these items as imperative elements that facilitate positive growth and maturation in the child. Interviews with authorities in the field of play therapy support the position that the inclusion of the Bobo is not only useful, but a therapeutic necessity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Threshold and growth mechanism of fatigue cracks under mode II and III loadings

ABSTRACT The fatigue crack growth behaviour of 0.47% carbon steel was studied under mode II and III loadings. Mode II fatigue crack growth tests were carried out using specially designed double cantilever (DC) type specimens in order to measure the mode II threshold stress intensity factor range, ΔK_IIth. The relationship ΔK_IIth > ΔK_Ith caused crack branching from mode II to I after a crack reached the mode II threshold. Torsion fatigue tests on circumferentially cracked specimens were carried out to study the mechanisms of both mode III crack growth and of the formation of the factory‐roof crack surface morphology. A change in microstructure occurred at a crack tip during crack growth in both mode II and mode III shear cracks. It is presumed that the crack growth mechanisms in mode II and in mode III are essentially the same. Detailed fractographic investigation showed that factory‐roofs were formed by crack branching into mode I. Crack branching started from small semi‐elliptical cracks nucleated by shear at the tip of the original circumferential crack.     

Damage mechanism in weldment of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel under creep-fatigue loading

The purpose of this study is to clarify damage process of “Type IV cracking” in weldment of a 2.25Cr-1Mo steel and to propose a micro damage prediction method. From continuous observation under a creep-fatigue test, it was found that spherical shape voids initiated and grew on grain boundaries in fine grain region and these voids grow continuously by changing their shape to crack-like. Both spherical and crack-like void growth rate equations were derived from the proposed void growth model. It was indicated that measured void growth rate under the creep-fatigue loading was well predicted by the growth rate equations.     

Crack closure in fibre metal laminates

GLARE is a fibre metal laminate (FML) built up of alternating layers of S2-glass/FM94 prepreg and aluminium 2024-T3. The excellent fatigue behaviour of GLARE can be described with a recently published analytical prediction model. This model is based on linear elastic fracture mechanics and the assumption that a similar stress state in the aluminium layers of GLARE and monolithic aluminium result in the same crack growth behaviour. It therefore describes the crack growth with an effective stress intensity factor (SIF) range at the crack tip in the aluminium layers, including the effect of internal residual stress as result of curing and the stiffness differences between the individual layers. In that model, an empirical relation is used to calculate the effective SIF range, which had been determined without sufficiently investigating the effect of crack closure. This paper presents the research performed on crack closure in GLARE. It is assumed that crack closure in FMLs is determined by the actual stress cycles in the metal layers and that it can be described with the available relations for monolithic aluminium published in the literature. Fatigue crack growth experiments have been performed on GLARE specimens in which crack growth rates and crack opening stresses have been recorded. The prediction model incorporating the crack closure relation for aluminium 2024-T3 obtained from the literature has been validated with the test results. It is concluded that crack growth in GLARE can be correlated with the effective SIF range at the crack tip in the aluminium layers, if it is determined with the crack closure relation for aluminium 2024-T3 based on actual stresses in the aluminium layers.     

开流形的曲率与拓扑

应用比较几何的方法研究了完备非紧且具有特定曲率条件的黎曼流形，证明了在一定Pinching条件限制下，流形具有有限拓扑型或者微分同胚于R^n。     

Corrosion fatigue short crack growth behaviour in a high strength steel

The influence of an aggressive environment (0.6 M, aerated NaCl solution) on short fatigue crack initiation and growth behaviour has been studied. The study involved three major test series, namely: air fatigue, corrosion fatigue, and intermittent air fatigue/corrosion fatigue. The above tests carried out under fully reversed torsional loading conditions at a frequency of 5 Hz, showed that it was the non-metallic inclusions which took part in crack initiation resulting from debonding at metal matrix/inclusion interface and pitting of inclusions in both air and corrosove environments, respectively. Short fatigue crack growth results in these two environments obtained by using plastic replication technique, indicated a large effect of microstructure i.e. prior austenite grain boundaries. The stage/stages at which the environmental contribution was dominant has been discussed by considering the results achieved from intermittent tests. However, the mechanisms involved in corrosion fatigue short crack growth have also been described in the light of results obtained from futher investigations carried out by conducting corrosion fatigue tests under applied cathodic potential conditions and tests on hydrogen pre-charged specimens under air fatigue and uniaxial tension conditions.     

薄膜生长的计算机模拟

薄膜技术在现代科技领域中有着广泛的应用。人们对薄膜的生长过程通过理论和实验进行了深入的研究，其中计算机模拟是重要的方法，本文概述了对薄膜生长过程的实验观察结果及其理论分析，主要讨论了薄膜生长的计算机模拟中经常采用的方法-蒙特卡罗法和分子动力学方法、描述衬底上成膜粒子运动的一些模型以及在计算机模拟中需注意的一些问题，其中主要包括粒子间的相互作用，入射粒子的能量和粒子上的衬底上的扩散运动。     

布里奇曼法生长碲镉汞晶体的缺陷及其展望

简单介绍了布里奇曼法生长碲镉汞晶体的主要缺陷以及缺陷的控制原理，回顾了国内进行磅镉汞晶体生长的布里奇曼法及加速坩埚旋转技术的布里奇曼法（ＡＣＲＴ－Ｂ）研究的情况，并提出了进一步研究的问题。     

Nucleate Pool Boiling of Pure Liquids and Binary Mixtures：PartI－Analytical Model for Boiling Heat Transfer of Pure Liquids on Smooth Tubes

ＮｕｃｌｅａｔｅＰｏｏｌＢｏｉｌｉｎｇｏｆＰｕｒｅＬｉｑｕｉｄｓａｎｄＢｉｎａｒｙＭｉｘｔｕｒｅｓ：ＰａｒｔＩ－ＡｎａｌｙｔｉｃａｌＭｏｄｅｌｆｏｒＢｏｉｌｉｎｇＨｅａｔＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒｏｆＰｕｒｅＬｉｑｕｉｄｓｏｎＳｍｏｏｔｈＴｕｂｅｓＧｕｏｑｉｎ...     

几种高强度钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为的研究

本文研究了ＧＣ－４，３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＮｉ２Ａ和３００Ｍ超高强钢的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为。考虑了环境，热处理制度，应力比和频率对裂纹扩展的影响。研究结果表明：腐蚀环境和热处理制度对疲劳裂纹扩展有显著影响。在侵蚀性环境中随频率降低，裂纹扩展大幅度上升，随应力比提高，环境影响加剧。利用扫描电镜对试样断口形貌进行了分析，并讨论了高强钢的腐蚀疲劳机理。