Exploring indicators for quantifying surface urban heat islands of European cities with MODIS land surface temperatures

The term urban heat island describes the phenomenon of altered temperatures in urban areas compared to their rural hinterlands. A surface urban heat island encompasses the patterns of land surface temperatures in urban areas. The classical indicator to describe a surface urban heat island is the difference between urban and rural surface temperatures. However, several other indicators for this purpose have been suggested in the literature. In this study, we compared the eleven different indicators for quantifying surface urban heat islands that were most frequently used in recent publications on remote sensing-based urban heat island assessments. The dataset used here consists of 263 European cities with monthly mean temperatures from MODIS data products for July 2002, January 2003 and July 2003. We found that (i) the indicators individually reveal diurnal and seasonal patterns but show rather low correlations over time, and (ii) for single points in time, the different indicators show only weak correlations, although they are supposed to quantify the same phenomenon. Differentiating cities according to thermal climate zones increased the relationships between the indicators. Thus, we can identify temporal aspects and indicator selection as important factors determining the estimation of urban heat islands. We conclude that research should take into account the differences and instabilities of the indicators chosen for quantifying surface urban heat islands and should use several indicators in parallel for describing the surface urban heat island of a city.     

Estimation of the Water Resources Potential in the Island System of the Aegean Archipelago,Greece

Abstract

The present paper tries to estimate the surface water resources potential in some of the major Aegean islands in an effort to provide a means for the continuous development of the region, and, by extension, for similar areas around the world. The islands have to confront the challenge of surviving in a semiarid environment under the constraints of uneven water resources distribution both in space and time. In addition to these, tourism development, industrialization and highly water consumptive life styles have exacerbated perennial problems in water resources and water resources management. The framework of the present effort has a two-prong emphasis. In the first part, a simulation model is presented, which tries to estimate the potential surface runoff under physical, structural organizational, and institutional constraints. The methodology and the premises of the simulation process are delineated. In the second part, the results of the model's application in distinct cases are demarcated. The final product, namely the model and the resulting runoff coefficients, are presented in the form of a standard, which may provide practitioners in the field as well as decisionmakers the means for an initial reference in pertinent developmental efforts. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations raise the question of ecosystem resilience and point towards the urgent and continuous need for the application of integrated water resources management principles.     

实时响应物联网中基于查询的数据转发方案

在许多基于传感器网络技术的物联网应用中,用户需要快速的查询响应,比如智能交通物联网应用中,行驶在路上的司机即时查询附近的空停车位信息.如何为此类物联网设计一种符合传感器网络特性(如能量有效等)的快速数据转发方案是一项重要的挑战性工作.已有的传感器网络实时数据转发协议大都因未解决好转发断路带来的额外开销、孤立节点处理耗时、难以适应网络拓扑动态变化等关键性问题而未取得理想的实时性效果.为此,该文提出一种新的基于查询的快速数据转发方案,利用查询消息为每个传感器节点建立最快速的数据转发路径(有向无环图),此外文中给出的综合路径代价模型可以均衡网络能量和减少网络拥塞延时,最后设计了贪婪的分布式数据转发算法及其改进算法,并用仿真实验验证了该方案的有效性和高效性.     

800 MPa级CSiMnNb与CSiMnCr系冷轧双相钢组织与性能

在实验室采用CCT-AY-Ⅱ连续退火模拟器研究不同退火温度条件下800 MPa级CSiMnCr与CSiMnNb系冷轧双相钢的力学性能,并对其显微组织进行分析.结果表明：在同一成分试验钢中,770℃退火较790℃退火时所获得的强度高;钢中添加少量的Nb细化了铁素体与岛状马氏体组织,并且岛状马氏体更纯净,屈强比低,加工硬化指数n值更高.     

多质点隔震结构数值分析和试验研究

论文首先通过试验研究,证明了隔震结构的基本工作原理,然后介绍隔震结构的精确解和近似解法,并运用数值分析的方法,对隔震和非隔震的周期、频率进行对比,指出近似解也有很高的精确度,不仅在数值上能够满足一定的精度范围,而且计算简单方便,可以用于对结构周期进行预估,从而对实际工程有很重要的指导意义。     

充灌砂袋筑岛钻孔平台在金鸡拦河闸重建工程中的应用

泉州市金鸡拦河闸重建工程闸室基础钻孔灌注桩全部位于河床水中,施工采用水中充灌砂袋筑岛作为其施工作业平台,分左、右岸二期筑岛进行钻孔灌注桩施工.实践证明:充灌砂袋筑岛钻孔平台施工速度快、造价低、安全可靠、效果好.     

基于MRD与LRB混合控制的隔震连续梁桥地震响应

为了研究磁流变阻尼器(MRD)与铅芯橡胶支座(LRB)混合控制对桥梁结构地震响应及隔震效果的影响,以典型三跨连续梁桥为背景,采用平行板模型模拟MRD的本构关系,采用Bouc-Wen模型模拟LRB的力-位移非线性行为,通过对结构的离散建立无控制、LRB单独控制、MRD与LRB混合控制的多种控制工况有限元计算模型,运用有限单元方法建立系统的动力特性矩阵,并采用瞬时最优控制算法对其进行了非线性时程对比分析.分析结果表明:采用MRD与LRB混合控制工况与LRB单独控制工况相比,前者的结构地震响应明显降低,隔震效果得到明显提高;在桥墩、桥台处均安装MRD与仅在桥墩或桥台处安装MRD的LRB隔震桥梁相比,前者对结构地震响应的控制效果更好.     

以数据为中心的多用户跨平台的Web开发技术

比较了现有的Web系统的相似之处和差异,在已有的Web开发架构基础上,提出了能在多种数据库平台下,实现不同的用户交互界面的基于DBMS和XML数据岛的Web开发模型,讨论了模型中的关键过程,并通过实验验证了模型在Web系统集成方面的作用。     

Social recovery of monkeys isolated for the first year of life: I. Rehabilitation and therapy.

Previous research demonstrated that 12 mo of total social isolation initiated at birth produced severe and seemingly permanent social deficits in rhesus monkeys. Such monkeys exhibited self-clasping, self-mouthing, and other stereotypic, self-directed responses. Recent research has indicated that 6-mo-isolated monkeys could develop social behaviors if exposed to younger, socially unsophisticated "therapist" monkeys. In the present experiment, 4 12-mo isolate-reared monkeys developed appropriate species-typical behavior through the use of adaptation, self-pacing of visual input, and exposure to 4 younger "therapist" monkeys. Adaptation enabled the isolate Ss to become familiar with their postisolation environment, while self-pacing facilitated their watching the therapist Ss' social interactions. The isolates showed a marked decrease in self-directed behaviors following extensive intimate contact with the therapists. Species-typical behaviors significantly increased during this period, so that the isolate behavioral repertoire did not differ substantially from the therapist behavioral repertoire by the end of the therapy period. Results clearly fail to support a critical period for socialization in the rhesus monkey, and an alternative environment-specific learning hypothesis is proposed. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

同步整流反激逆变器研究

研究了由两路双向反激直流变换器输入并联输出串联构成的反激逆变器。在连续工作模式的反激逆变器的基础上，提出同步整流控制方案，即输出功率较大时实现同步整流，较小时实现零电压开通，大大简化了传统电流源高频链逆变器的控制方案，从而有效地降低了整流二极管导通损耗，将整机效率提高到85.8%。研究内容包括工作模式、控制策略、关键参数设计准则、同步整流或零电压开通的实现和边界问题。原理试验样机验证了该逆变器及其控制策略的正确性和先进性，证实其适合于低压大电流变换场合。