甘薯测土配方施肥指标体系研究

为了解决过量施肥、盲目施肥、肥料利用率偏低等问题,本文通过大量的田间肥料试验,研究施肥指标体系,旨在更好地指导当地农民科学施肥。本文根据“3414”田间试验结果,将土壤养分含量水平划分为“丰富”、“中等”和“缺乏”3个等级,建立莆田地区甘薯土壤速效氮磷钾丰缺指标。结果表明,与甘薯相对产量75%~90%相对应的土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的丰缺指标临界值分别为85~128 mg/kg、10~24 mg/kg和42~115 mg/kg。通过肥料效应函数计算出的各试验点的推荐施肥量与相对应的土壤有效氮磷钾含量测试值之间呈指数回归关系,由回归方程得出,中等肥力水平下的推荐施氮量范围为114~168 kg/hm2,推荐施磷量范围为51-62 kg/hm2,推荐施钾量范围为159~323 kg/hm2。     

舟山海域水体中指示性多氯联苯的赋存状态

[目的]监测舟山东部及南部近海海域水体中7种指示性多氯联苯(PCBs)同系物的污染水平及分布特征。[方法]在舟山东部及南部近海海域选取8个采样点,共采集海水样品40个,进行PCBs残留检测及分析。[结果]PCBs在此海域有一定的残留,其总残留水平范围为0.185~27.200 ng/L,平均值为10.200 ng/L。40个海水样品中,共有34个样品检出PCBs,检出率为85%。7种同系物中共有4种被检出,检出率从高到低依次为PCB 28(77.5%)PCB 118(50.0%)PCB 110(10.0%)PCB 138(5.0%),而其余3种同系物(PCB 52、PCB 153和PCB 180)未检出。舟山近海水体中PCBs残留量较低,水质较好。[结论]该研究可为改善舟山渔场附近的生态环境和提高水产品质量提供一定的基础数据,有利于控制近海污染及评估海域生态安全。     

福州市行道树种综合评价与分级选择

城市绿化树种的选择与评价是城市美化与建设的关键,直接影响着城市绿地系统生态效益与综合功能的发挥。本研究在广泛调查的基础上,建立了由7个抗性功能指标、6个生态功能指标、5个美学性能指标、3个经济性能指标组成的城市行道树种综合评价指标体系,运用层次分析法及模糊综合评价法对福州27种主要行道树种进行综合评价,并运用最优分割分级法对参评树种进行分级,评价分级结果显示与福州市行道树种选择有着较高的一致性,从而为城市园林绿化树种的选择和应用提供科学依据。       

Identifying indicator species for post-release monitoring of genetically modified,herbicide resistant crops

In Europe, regulations for release and placing-on-the-market of genetically modified (GM) crops require post-release monitoring of their impact on the environment. Monitoring potential adverse effects of GM crops includes direct effects as well as indirect effects, e.g. GM crop specific changes in land and pest management. Currently, there is a gap in the pre-release risk assessments conducted for regulatory approval of GM herbicide resistant (HR) crops. Since the relevant non-selective herbicides have been registered many years ago, in current dossiers requesting regulatory approval of GM HR crops, the environmental impacts of the corresponding non-selective herbicides are either entirely omitted or the applicant simply refers to the eco-toxicological safety assessments conducted for its original pesticide approval that do not address environmental issues arising in conjunction with the cultivation of GM HR crops. Since the ‘Farm-scale Evaluations’, it is clear that consequences for farmland biodiversity can be expected. The objective of this project was to identify relevant indicator species for the long-term impact of GM HR maize cultivation and the application of their corresponding non-selective herbicides, glyphosate and glufosinate. In this article, we describe the outcome of a modified Event Tree Analysis, essentially a funnel-like procedure allowing to reduce the large number of potentially affected non-target species to those with greatest ecological relevance and highest risk to be adversely affected based on a number of ecological criteria. This procedure allowed us to identify a total of 21 weed-Lepidoptera associations that we proposed for post release monitoring of GM HR maize in Germany.     

Mapping crop diseases using survey data: The case of bacterial wilt in bananas in the East African highlands

Globally, crop diseases result in significant losses in crop yields. To properly target interventions to control crop diseases, it is important to map diseases at a high resolution. However, many surveys of crop diseases pose challenges to mapping because available observations are only proxies of the actual disease, observations often are not normally distributed and because typically convenience sampling is applied, leading to spatially clustered observations and large areas without observations. This paper addresses these challenges by applying a geostatistical methodology for disease incidence mapping. The methodology is illustrated for the case of bacterial wilt of banana (BWB) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum in the East African highlands. In a survey using convenience sampling, 1350 banana producing farmers were asked to estimate the percentage yield loss due to bacterial wilt. To deal with the non-normal distribution of the data, the percentages were classified into two binary variables, indicating whether or not the disease occurred and whether or not the yield loss was severe. To improve the spatial prediction of disease incidence in areas with low sampling density, the target variables were correlated in a logistic regression to a range of environmental variables, for which maps were available. Subsequently, the residuals of the regression analysis were interpolated using simple kriging. Finally, the interpolated residuals were added to the regression predictions. This so-called indicator regression kriging approach resulted in continuous maps of disease incidence. Cross-validation showed that the method yields unbiased predictions and correctly assesses the prediction accuracy. The geostatistical mapping is also more accurate than conventional mapping, which uses the mean of observations within districts as the predicted value for all locations within the district, although the accuracy improvement is not very large. The maps were also spatially aggregated to district level to support regional decision-making. The analysis showed that the disease is widespread on banana farms throughout the study area and can locally reach severe levels.     

Ground floor vegetation assessment within the intensive (Level II) monitoring of forest ecosystems in Germany: chances and challenges

As a part of the ‘Intensive Forest Monitoring Programme’ of ICP Forests, ground floor vegetation has been surveyed along with parameters of other relevant components of the forest ecosystems and their environment at 80 permanent plots all over Germany. Its floristic composition and their changes can therefore be linked to a wide variety of potentially influencing factors, scrutinising recent hypotheses on floristic changes, mainly soil eutrophication and acidification due to air pollutants. Results of a broad-scaled feasibility study are presented and critically discussed with regard to future in-depth evaluations. After an overview on the most abundant species, the syntaxonomic allocation of the plots is given. An ordination reveals a gradient from nutrient and base rich soils to poor acidic soils. Floristic dynamics are mainly aligned with the main axis, but conclusions about the medium-term development cannot be stated yet. Ordination and subsequent statistics are recommended to open up a wide field for explorative investigations. Indicator values for soil acidity and nutrient supply corroborate the main floristic gradient. Based on an empirical species–area relationship (SAR), species numbers for a common plot size of 400 m² were calculated. Basic relationships among different diversity measures and between diversity measures and basic stand and site-related parameters were elaborated. Recommendations focus on enhancements of the assessment of ground floor vegetation within the context of the Level II monitoring like annual sampling or harmonisation of the plot sizes.     

Wise selection of an indicator for monitoring the success of management actions

Objective approaches are needed to select species for monitoring management effectiveness and to justify conservation investments. We develop and apply two approaches for selecting the most cost-effective and informative indicator species with a case study of monitoring investments in invasive predator control in south-western Australia. We compared species selected by a qualitative approach involving experts scoring 17 criteria for 12 potential indicators to a quantitative metric based on empirical data for a subset of criteria. Both approaches accounted for the monitoring cost, potential for leverage, data uncertainty and the risk of choosing an un-representative or un-informative indicator, albeit in different ways. The indicator species selected by the quantitative metric was the western brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula – a relatively common medium-sized mammal in the study region. When costs were not considered explicitly in the qualitative approach, the indicator selected was the woylie Bettongia penicillata. When costs were sensibly incorporated in the qualitative approach, indicator rankings changed and the top-ranked species was again T. vulpecula. Although when costs were included the qualitative expert-driven approach delivered the same result as the quantitative metric, it was not robust to minor data adjustments, and incorporating expert uncertainty made it difficult to distinguish the value of potential indicator species from each other. The quantitative metric was comparatively robust to minor data adjustments, and enabled evaluation of data uncertainty in a transparent way, presenting a more objective approach that enables explicit selection of the most informative indicator for monitoring management actions.     

环境条件对马铃薯病毒生物测定结果的影响

以指示植物———千日红为材料,将马铃薯X病毒(PVX)接种在千日红叶片上,观察测定温度、光照周期和光照强度对测定结果的影响。结果表明,温度控制在24℃,光照周期16h,光照强度6700lx以及遮光12h,专化性症状最为明显。进一步证实了在马铃薯病毒的生物测定中,温度和光照是影响测定结果的主要因素。     

Does changing the taxonomical resolution alter the value of soil macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of metal pollution?

Ecological indicators are taxa that are affected by, and indicate effects of, anthropogenic environmental stress or disturbance on ecosystems. There is evidence that some species of soil macrofauna (i.e. diameter >2 mm) constitute valuable biological indicators of certain types of soil perturbations. This study aims to determine which level of taxonomic resolution, (species, family or ecological group) is the best to identify indicator of soil disturbance. Macrofauna were sampled in a set of sites encompassing different land-use systems (e.g. forests, pastures, crops) and different levels of pollution. Indicator taxa were sought using the IndVal index proposed by Dufrêne and Legendre [Dufrêne, M., Legendre, P., 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymetrical approach. Ecological Monographs 67, 345-366]. This approach is based on a hierarchical typology of sites. The index value changes along the typology and decreases (increases) for generalist (specialist) faunal units (species, families or ecological groups). Of the 327 morphospecies recorded, 19 were significantly associated with a site type or a group of sites (5.8%). Similarly, species were aggregated to form 59 families among which 17 (28.8%) displayed a significant indicator value. Gathering species into 28 broad ecological assemblages led to 14 indicator groups (50%). Beyond the simple proportion of units having significant association with a given level of the site typology, the proportion of specialist and generalist groups changed dramatically when the level of taxonomic resolution was altered. At the species level 84% of the indicator units were specialist, whereas this proportion decreased to 70 and 43% when families and ecological groups were considered. Because specialist groups are the most interesting type of indicators either in terms of conservation or for management purposes we come to the conclusion that the species level is the most accurate taxonomic level in bioindication studies although it requires a high amount of labour and operator knowledge and is time-consuming.     

Urbanization and riparian forest woody communities: Diversity, composition, and structure within a metropolitan landscape

Understanding how urban land-use structure contributes to the abundance and diversity of riparian woody species can inform management and conservation efforts. Yet, previous studies have focused on broad-scale (e.g., urban to exurban) land-use types and have not examined more local-scale changes in land use (e.g., the variation within “urban”), which could be important in urban areas. In this paper we examine how local-scale characteristics or fine-scale urban heterogeneity affect(s) the diversity, composition, and structure of temperate woody riparian vegetation communities in the highly urbanized area of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. We use an information-theoretic approach to compare vegetation models and canonical correspondence analyses to compare species responses to urban variables. We found that urban riparian areas can harbor a high diversity of native canopy and shrub species (38 and 41, respectively); however, native and exotic woody plant species responded differently to urbanization. Exotic canopy species increased with the level of urbanization while native canopy and understory species declined. Understory species diversity displayed a greater response to urbanization than did canopy diversity, suggesting temporal lags in canopy response to disturbances associated with present and recent land-use changes. Certain native and exotic woody species represent ecological indicators of different levels of urbanization. Native species characteristic of pre-European settlement conditions were restricted to the wide riparian forests with little urban encroachment. Several native early-successional species appear tolerant to urbanization. Two exotic species, the tree Ailanthus altissima and the shrub Lonicera maackii, were the most abundant and ubiquitous woody species and appear to exploit urban disturbances. These exotic species invasions have the potential to modify forest composition and ecological function of urban riparian systems. In addition, altered hydrology may be a contributing factor as canopy and understory stem density of high-moisture-requiring species decreased with an increase in impervious surface and grass cover and with proximity to roads and railroads. In the face of urbanization, maintaining wide riparian forests and limiting building, road and railroad development within these areas may help reduce the invasion of exotic species and benefit hydrological function in temperate riparian areas.