蚯蚓及植物促生根际细菌对土壤中氮和钾有效性的影响

采用室内试验的方法研究不同接种方式接种威廉环毛蚓(Pheretima guillelmi)、植物促生根际细菌(钾活化细菌(Bacillus mucilaginous PDSK-1)和固氮细菌(Azotobacter chroococcum PDSN-5))对土壤中固氮细菌和钾活化细菌的生长、土壤脲酶的活性以及土壤钾有效性的影响.7种接种方式均明显增加了土壤中固氮细菌和钾活化细菌的生长.蚯蚓活动对土壤中固氮细菌生长的影响有限,但明显增加了钾活化细菌的生长.接种蚯蚓、接种固氮细菌、接种蚯蚓和固氮细菌均明显增加了土壤中脲酶的活性.土壤中脲酶活性和速效钾的浓度分别与土壤中固氮细菌与钾活化细菌的数量成显著正相关关系(P＜0.05).试验结果表明,混合接种方式是一种有潜力的生物技术,可以用来减少农业生产中化肥的施用量.     

Litter Decomposition in Three Plantation Species in Semi-Arid and Sub-Humid Regions of Central India

Abstract

The forest floor litter decomposition rate followed in the order: Tectona grandis(teak) > Madhuka indica (mahua) > Butea monosperma (palas). Higher decomposition rates were observed during rainy season and lowest during winter. The decay rate was significantly correlated with rainfall and soil moisture, and with population densities of earthworms. The lumbricid distribution under three plantations of semi-arid and sub-humid regions of central India in relation to several environmental factors including climate, soil moisture and litter quality was studied. Native species of earthworms and their densities were not abundant in this forest due to less moisture content in soil and accidental forest fires. Eight earthworms were identified and three of them were epigeic earthworms, viz., Eisenia fetida (Savigny), Perionyx excavatus (Perrier) and Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen), which were predominant throughout the year.     

采用PCR-SSCP技术分析蚯蚓粪便的微生物群落结构

通过SDS/蛋白酶的方法抽提蚯蚓粪便微生物总DNA,以总DNA为模板,采用通用引物分别成功扩增细菌16S rRNA基因的V4-V5可变区,真菌18S rRNA基因的V8-V9可变区,应用单链构象多态性技术（SSCP）分析了蚯蚓粪便中不同空间层次的微生物种群的多样性。结果表明,在粪便的不同空间层次上呈现出明显的空间分布多样性,并且与纯蚯蚓粪微生物种群的多样性有很大的差别。为进一步的蚯蚓粪生态学功能研究提供了有益的指导。     

Long-term study of growth in the New Zealand flatworm Arthurdendyus triangulatus under laboratory conditions

In a 1-year laboratory study of the New Zealand flatworm Arthurdendyus triangulatus, individual growth, degrowth and regrowth were manipulated via the feeding regime, with the compost worm Eisenia fetida as prey. A mean growth rate of 25 mg live weight wk^—1 was evident, individual rates ranging between 18 and 38 mg wk⁻¹. Degrowth was associated with egg capsule deposition for which the maximum rate was 0.5 capsules wk⁻¹. The more egg capsules produced, the greater the adult weight loss, degrowth rates ranging from 8 to 55 mg wk⁻¹. Change in flatworm body weight (gain/loss) also correlated with the length of the food introduction interval, though weight could be maintained for circa 2 weeks. Weight loss was not simply a function of hunger, voluntary cessation of feeding (possibly related to egg capsule production) being a confounding factor. During the growth phase, individual predation rate ranged from 0.9 to 1.1 earthworms wk⁻¹, rate of tissue consumption ranging from 346 to 485 mg wk⁻¹. Conversion efficiencies of earthworm to flatworm tissue were estimated to range between 3.8% and 10.7%. The impact of this exotic planarian on earthworm populations is discussed.     

土壤的老化对PCB138的可提取性和生物可利用性的影响

为探讨老化行为对多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)在土壤中的可提取性和生物可利用性的影响,选取2,2′,3,4,4′,5-六氯联苯(PCB138)作为目标污染物,进行90 d的老化试验,比较了超纯水提取、正丁醇溶液提取、超声提取(正己烷/丙酮)和索氏抽提(正己烷/二氯甲烷)等4种方法对土壤中不同老化时间PCB138的提取率;以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为土壤模式参照生物,在不同的老化时间里测定蚯蚓体内PCB138的含量与脂肪含量。结果表明,4种方法提取PCB138的能力依次为索氏抽提(正己烷/二氯甲烷)≈超声提取(正己烷/丙酮)正丁醇提取超纯水溶液提取;索氏抽提、超声提取和正丁醇溶液提取的提取率从最初的87%~93%、85%~90%、50%~60%分别下降到70%~76%、65%~73%、25%~45%,在30~45 d时总提取量保持稳定,而超纯水提取PCB138的量有限,显示出最低的提取能力且为非重复性结果。PCB138在蚯蚓体内富集量随接触时间增加而增加,在老化30 d左右其体内PCB138富集量最大;在老化30~60 d时,蚯蚓体内的PCB138的含量逐渐下降,健康状况良好的蚯蚓脂肪含量有所下降但不明显。正丁醇溶液提取、超声提取和索氏抽提对PCB138的提取率,以及老化土壤中蚯蚓对PCB138的富集量,均说明PCB138在土壤中的生物有效性随着老化时间的延长而降低。     

Effects of Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) on nitrogen mobilization and decomposition of elevated‐CO2 Charlock mustard litter

This study was conducted to improve our understanding of how earthworms and microorganisms interact in the decomposition of litter of low quality (high C : N ratio) grown under elevated atmospheric [CO₂]. A microcosm approach was used to investigate the influence of endogeic earthworm (Aporrectodea caliginosa Savigny) activity on the decomposition of senescent Charlock mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) litter produced under ambient and elevated [CO₂]. Earthworms and microorganisms were exposed to litter which had changed in quality (C : N ratio) while growing under elevated [CO₂]. After 50 d of incubation in microcosms, C mineralization (CO₂ production) in the treatment with elevated‐[CO₂] litter was significantly lower in comparison to the ambient‐[CO₂] litter treatment. The input of Charlock mustard litter into the soil generally induced N immobilization and reduced N₂O‐emission rates from soil. Earthworm activity enhanced CO₂ production, but there was no relationship to litter quality. Although earthworm biomass was not affected by the lower quality of the elevated‐[CO₂] litter, soil microbial biomass (C_mic, N_mic) was significantly decreased. Earthworms reduced C_mic and fungal biomass, the latter only in treatments without litter. Our study clearly showed that A. caliginosa used the litter grown under different [CO₂] independent of its quality and that their effect on the litter‐decomposition process was also independent of litter quality. Soil microorganisms were shown to negatively react to small changes in Charlock mustard litter quality; therefore we expect that microbially mediated C and N cycling may change under future atmospheric [CO₂].     

Earthworms increase the ratio of bacteria to fungi in northern hardwood forest soils, primarily by eliminating the organic horizon

The exotic earthworm invasion in hardwood forests of the northern United States is associated with many ecosystem-level changes. However, less is known about the effects of the invasion on the composition of the soil microbial community through which ecosystem-level changes are mediated. Further, earthworm effects on soil microbial community composition have not been well studied in the field. To evaluate changes in bacterial and fungal abundance associated with the earthworm invasion we quantified bacterial and fungal biomass by microscopic counts in paired earthworm-invaded (earthworm) and earthworm-free (reference) plots in five forest stands in central New York (USA). Earthworms significantly increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi on an area basis (per m²), by more than two times in mid-summer and early autumn. While this effect was associated primarily with the lack of the fungal-dominated organic horizon in earthworm plots, a higher ratio of bacteria to fungi in the surface 5 cm mineral soil also contributed as it developed between spring and mid-summer. Earthworm reduction of fungal biomass was confirmed by substantially lower growth of fungal hyphae into mesh sand bags in earthworm compared to reference plots. Burrowing activity by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi over the short-term within earthworm plots, introducing small-scale spatial heterogeneity associated with burrows. Our study suggests that the exotic earthworm invasion in these northern hardwood forests markedly increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi by eliminating the fungal-rich organic horizon, and was associated localized increases in bacterial vs. fungal abundance in mineral soil, setting the stage for future research into linkages between the earthworm invasion, bacterial and fungal abundance, and ecosystem processes.     

土施纳米氧化锌对蚯蚓生理和黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

纳米氧化锌(ZnO NPs)由于其独特的理化性质,被广泛应用于各行各业,在带来巨大利益的同时也存在着潜在风险,如细胞毒性、基因毒性等。在土壤环境中,ZnO NPs可能会对陆地生态系统中的生物构成严重威胁。本研究采用盆栽试验的方法,评估了ZnO NPs对蚯蚓生理以及黄瓜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:各处理ZnO NPs对蚯蚓的生长发育影响不显著,但随着浓度的增加,蚯蚓的抗氧化酶活性发生变化,SOD呈现出增加的趋势,CAT和POD先降低再上升,二者表现为协同作用。当ZnO NPs处理为1 000 mg·kg-1时,蚯蚓受到的氧化胁迫最大,MDA含量较对照增加了19.2%。对于黄瓜幼苗而言,ZnO NPs处理能够普遍增强植株氧化应激,除了SOD在1 000 mg·kg-1时受到抑制外,SOD、CAT、POD及MDA均随浓度的增加而增加。蚯蚓的加入能显著促进幼苗生长,增加生物量、提高根系活力,同时也能在一定程度上缓解或抑制ZnO NPs对植株造成的损伤。ZnO NPs处理为500mg·kg-1和1 000 mg·kg-1时,SOD分别较不加蚯蚓处理降低了76.7%、63.5%,MDA分别降低了28.6%、23.7%。在28 d培养周期中,蚯蚓对ZnO NPs响应较低,组织锌含量没有显著变化;黄瓜幼苗地上部和地下部锌含量均随着处理浓度的增加而增加,而添加蚯蚓的处理降低了植株的锌含量,也反映了蚯蚓在系统中对胁迫条件下的黄瓜幼苗生长的调控和缓解作用。     

Soil Health of Recently Converted No-till Corn Fields in Maine

ABSTRACT

No-till (NT) forage production in Northeast United States is growing due to farmers’ desire to reduce costs. Soil samples (15cm deep), soil penetrometer values (depth to 300 psi), and earthworm midden counts were collected from 59 fields on 14 dairy farms in Maine planted to corn. Of the 59 fields sampled, 13 fields received light tillage in the sampling year, 40 had not been tilled within 5 years, and 6 fields had not been tilled for a minimum of 12 years. Median soil health scores (SHS) varied among farms, from 23 to 43 based on the 0 to 50 Woods End SHS scale, based more on past soil management. Most soil quality attributes were significantly correlated indicating that they were useful predictors of soil quality. Among fields not tilled in 5 years, we found no relationship of SHS to time in NT. Fields with greater earthworm activity had higher SHS indicating increased biological activity and potentially improved productivity resulting from better drainage and aeration. Farmers were asked to identify their highest and lowest soil quality fields, but according to the SHS, they were 56 percent successful. Three cornfields on three different farms were NT planted into herbicide killed long-term perennial hay fields; each of these had the highest SHS, but no farmer recognized that. More education on rotating perennial forage crops with NT corn is needed. No-till forage production can improve soil health, reduce fuel and labor costs by more than $50/acre, and residue cover can reduce soil erosion impacts.     

不同季节蚯蚓养殖方式比较研究

目的探讨不同季节和不同养殖方式对蚯蚓增重效果的影响,为张家口地区建立和发展"奶牛-牛粪-蚯蚓-蛋白饲料-奶牛"循环养殖模式提供理论依据.方法采用EM菌接种后腐熟鲜牛粪做为基料,在不同的季节采用不同饲养方式观察蚯蚓增重情况.结果试验表明,在具有代表冀西北特点的张家口地区饲养蚯蚓在1～6月份、10～12月份(第一、二、四季度)采用塑料大棚内地面平养的方式从成本和增重考虑较为理想;7～9月份(第三季度)采用室外地面平养且加盖遮阳物养殖蚯蚓从增重效果上较为理想.结论因此,在张家口地区饲养蚯蚓1～6月份、10～12月份推荐采用塑料大棚内地面平养;7～9月份推荐采用室外地面平养并且基料上加盖遮阳物的方式养殖蚯蚓.