a_s和b_s取值对参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算结果的影响

Penm an-Monte ith公式中as和bs是计算净辐射不可缺少的参数,采用江苏射阳2002年日气象资料,分别采用FAO56推荐值和邻近地区南京市的校正值进行计算,得到了日参考作物蒸发蒸腾量和相应的太阳辐射与净辐射资料。分全年、夏半年和冬半年等不同情况分析了2种取值方案计算结果的差异。结果表明:采用邻近站点推荐值计算得到的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ET0和净辐射Rn计算结果与FAO推荐值计算结果相比偏大,并且在计算值较小的冬半年误差也相对较大。与此相反,采用邻近站点推荐值计算得到太阳辐射Rs的计算结果偏小,并且在计算值较大的夏半年误差更大。因此,参数as和bs的选择对于参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算结果的影响是不可以忽略的,尤其在辐射较低、蒸腾较弱的冬半年,根据实测的辐射资料进行校正是很有意义的。     

沈阳市灌区水田耗水量的试验与计算

对沈阳市十个主要水田灌区进行了两方面研究:彭曼-蒙特斯公式水田需水量的计算、水田渗漏量的试验和计算。最后得出沈阳市十个主要灌区的水田需水量、渗漏量和耗水量结果,为灌区工程的规划、设计和管理提供依据。     

塔里木盆地生长季ET0的时空变化特征及其敏感性分析

基于塔里木盆地19个气象站2000−2019年生长季逐日气象数据,采用FAO−56PM公式计算各站逐日ET0,运用敏感系数、ArcGIS反距离权重插值、气候倾向率和Mann-Kendall非参数检验等方法,对该地区ET0的时空变化规律及ET0对关键气象因子的敏感性进行分析。结果表明：（1）近20a来,塔里木盆地生长季ET0日均值在空间上呈北低南高的趋势,多年ET0日均值从大到小依次为6、7、5、8、4、9和10月,其值分别为5.84、5.73、5.29、4.95、4.23、3.65和2.17mm⋅d⁻¹,气候倾向率分别为−0.09、0.24、0.11、−0.07、0.16、0.07和0.08mm⋅10a⁻¹,ET0日均值在盆地中、西部以负倾向率为主,盆地东部则以正倾向率为主。（2）整个生长季,塔里木盆地的相对湿度逐月增加,2m处风速逐月减小,日照时数则呈先增加后降低的趋势,最低气温和最高气温均呈倒U形分布,且均在7月达到最大值。相对湿度的变化以负倾向率为主,2m处风速和最低气温的变化以正倾向率为主,日照时数和最高气温变化的倾向率无明显规律。（3）在生长季（4−10月）,塔里木盆地ET0对关键气象因子的敏感性表现为最高气温>相对湿度>日照时数>2m处风速>最低气温,ET0对最低气温的敏感性以较低敏感性为主,对其余气象因子均以高敏感性为主。ET0对最低气温和最高气温最敏感的月份是7月,而对相对湿度、2m处风速和日照时数最敏感的月份分别是10月、4月和8月。ET0对相对湿度的敏感系数绝对值的空间分布呈由北向南递减的趋势,对2m处风速和最高气温的敏感系数均以塔克拉玛干沙漠为高值中心,对日照时数无明显规律,对最低气温则呈由西向东递减的趋势。     

An analysis of the tendency of reference evapotranspiration estimates and other climate variables during the last 45 years in Southern Spain

Climate change will have important implications in the agriculture of semi-arid regions, such as Southern Spain, where the expected warmer and drier conditions might augment crop water demand. To evaluate these effects, a data set consisting of observed daily values of air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration and wind speed from eight weather stations in Andalusia and covering the period 1960-2005 was used for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET_o). ET_o was calculated using five methods: the more complex Penman-Monteith FAO-56 (PM) equation, considered as a reference in this study, and four alternative methods with fewer data requirements, Hargreaves, Blaney-Criddle, Radiation and Priestley-Taylor. These methods were compared to PM with respect to ET_o average values and trends. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to evaluate annual and seasonal trends in the main climate variables and ET_o.Due to increases in air temperature and solar radiation, and decreases in relative humidity, statistically significant increases in PM-ET_o were detected (up to 3.5 mm year⁻¹). Although the Hargreaves equation provided the closest average values to PM, this method did not detect any ET_o trend. On the other hand, trends found from Blaney-Criddle and Radiation ET_o values were similar to those obtained from PM. In addition, after a local adjustment, these two methods gave accurate ET_o average values. Therefore, Blaney-Criddle and Radiation methods have shown themselves to be the most accurate approaches for ET_o determination in climate change studies, when available data provided by climate models are limited.     

浑蒲灌区参考作物需水量的研究

采用联合国粮农组织最新推荐的Penman-Monteith公式,分析了浑蒲灌区参考作物需水量.结果表明,在生育期内浑蒲灌区参考作物需水量的变化规律表现为先增大后逐渐减小.     

基于Penman-Monteith方程的温室番茄蒸腾量估算模型

作物的蒸腾是作物生命过程中十分重要的组成部分。为寻求适合于温室栽培条件下番茄植株蒸腾量的计算模型,本文以Penman-Monteith方程为基础,针对温室特定的小气候环境,对番茄冠层整体气孔阻力、空气动力学阻力等参数进行合理修正,建立了包含气象数据、番茄叶面积指数和冠层高度为主要参数的温室番茄蒸腾量估算模型。分别采用2009年5月2-13日（开花坐果期）和2009年6月9-20日（成熟采摘期）2个时段内的实测蒸腾量对模型模拟结果进行验证,2个时段内模型模拟结果的平均相对误差分别为8.48%和9.20%,表明所建模型可以较好地的计算温室番茄的蒸腾量。本研究提出的蒸腾量估算模型对温室番茄作物水分关系的深入研究具有重要参考价值。     

Comparison of Penman-Monteith and non-linear energy balance approaches for estimating leaf wetness duration and apple scab infection

Leaf Wetness Duration (LWD) is the main parameter involved in the apple scab development in apple orchards. LWD values can be inferred from weather conditions by solving a non-linear energy balance equation. Such energy balance equation is usually linearized leading to the Penman-Monteith equations. However this approximation leads to significant errors in the evaporative term and by consequence in the LWD computation. In this work, consequences of the use of the Penman-Monteith equations instead of the exact solution were firstly investigated on single droplets and compared to experimental values obtained in controlled and constant conditions. For these studies, the LWD is overestimated by 12% when Penman-Monteith equations were used. The ability of LWD estimate from the linearized energy balance equation to forecast risk infection of a leaf by V. inaequalis conidia was investigated. For some conditions, the error in LWD estimate by Penman-Monteith approached 6 h, leading to an incorrect risk assessment of apple scab development.     

基于两种时间尺度气象资料计算的参考作物蒸散量对比分析

利用南四湖流域兖州（1981-1986年）、菏泽（1981-1986年）和定陶（1997-2002年）3个气象站逐日平均、逐月平均两种尺度气象资料,基于FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算逐日ET0,并分别累计月ET0值,评估两种时间尺度数据计算月ET0值的差异,分析在日平均资料不可获取的情况下,可否用月平均资料代替计算ET0。结果表明：（1）两种时间尺度资料计算月ET0值相当接近,具有极显著的正相关关系;（2）全年月平均资料计算的ET0值高于日平均资料计算的ET0值,平均相对偏高约2.0%;暖季月平均资料计算的ET0值明显低于日平均资料计算的ET0值,平均相对偏低约3.7%;而在冷季则正好相反,平均相对偏高约8.1%。可以看出,两者偏差主要发生在冷季。（3）月平均资料相对于日平均资料计算月ET0值的相对偏差不大,暖季计算结果较精确。（4）不管暖季或冷季,两种时间尺度资料计算月ET0值产生差值的原因主要是能量项计算的差异造成的。暖季月平均资料计算的ET0值偏低的原因,主要是暖季月平均资料计算的能量项的减少造成的,约占131.8%;冷季月平均资料计算的ET0值偏高,主要是冷季月平均资料计算的能量项的增加造成的,约占92.1%。     

西北地区近49年生长季参考作物蒸散量的敏感性分析

基于FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算了西北地区126个站点1961-2009年的生长季参考作物蒸散量（ET0）对气温、风速、相对湿度和太阳总辐射的敏感系数,并对敏感系数的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明：西北地区生长季ET0对太阳总辐射最敏感,其次是气温和相对湿度,对风速的敏感性最低。气象要素分布的不均匀性导致敏感系数的空间差异显著,气温和风速的敏感系数在西风带气候区较大,相对湿度敏感系数在较湿润地带形成高值区,太阳总辐射敏感系数南部明显大于北部。生长季内,各气象因子的敏感系数均存在一定程度的波动,气温和太阳总辐射的敏感系数呈单峰型分布,风速敏感系数呈单谷型分布,相对湿度敏感系数的绝对值持续上升。49a来,太阳总辐射敏感系数显著上升,相对湿度敏感系数明显下降,其趋势系数均通过0.05水平的显著性检验,而气温和风速的敏感系数以波动为主,无明显变化趋势。     

Trend analysis of reference evapotranspiration in the western half of Iran

Reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) is an important element of the hydrological cycle, and changes in ET_o are of great significance for agricultural water use planning, irrigation system design and management. In this study, annual, seasonal and monthly trends in the Penman-Monteith ET_o at 20 meteorological stations during 1966-2005 in the western half of Iran were examined using the Mann-Kendall test, the Sen's slope estimator and the linear regression. Annual analysis of the ET_o series indicated a positive trend in 70% of the stations according to the Mann-Kendall test and the Sen's slope estimator and in 75% of the stations according to the linear regression. The magnitude of significant positive trends in annual ET_o varied from (+)11.28 to (+)2.30 mm/year. On the seasonal scale, stronger increasing trends were identified in ET_o data in winter and summer compared with those in autumn and spring. Meanwhile, the highest numbers of stations with significant trends were found in the monthly ET_o series in February, while the lowest numbers of stations with significant trends were observed in November. Analysis of the impact of climatic variables on the significant increasing trend in ET_o showed that the increasing trend was mainly caused by a significant increase in air temperature during the study period.