小卒中的预后预测因素

小卒中以症状轻微、快速恢复和不易致残为特点,但一部分小卒中患者是卒中复发的高危人群,并且可导致残疾、认知损害和情绪异常.早期预测小卒中患者的预后,筛查卒中复发和致残的高危人群并给予合适的治疗,可预防卒中复发和改善患者预后.文章就小卒中患者预后的预测因素进行综述.     

微量白蛋白尿与急性缺血性卒中的严重程度和转归的关系

目的 探讨微量白蛋白尿(microalbuminuria,MAU)与急性缺血性卒中的危险因素、病情严重程度及转归的关系.方法 前瞻性纳入连续的急性缺血性卒中患者,根据尿白蛋白/肌酐比率(urine albumin/creatinine ratio,UACR)分为MAU阳性组(≥30 mg/g)和MAU阴性组(＜30 mg/g),根据改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评分分为转归良好组(0～2分)和转归不良组(＞2分),对各项人口统计学和临床资料进行比较,并分析急性缺血性卒中转归不良和MAU阳性的独立因素.结果 共纳入156例急性缺血性卒中患者,其中男性84例,女性72例;年龄53～ 78岁,平均(65.4±6.2)岁;发病至入院时间为1.5～28 h;94例转归良好,62例转归不良,无死亡病例;76例MAU阳性,80例MAU阴性.多变量logistic回归分析显示,高龄[优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.992,95％可信区间(c onfidence interval,CI)1.108～2.374;P=0.015]、合并糖尿病(OR 2.497,95％ CI1.177～5.298;P =0.017)和心房颤动(OR 2.338,95％ CI1.062 ～5.148;P=0.035)、高血清高半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平(OR 2.541,95％ CI 1.073～6.02;P=0.047)和UACR(OR 2.130,95％ CI1.396 ～3.017;P =0.001)、MAU阳性(OR 3.291,95％ CI1.681 ～6.444;P=0.001)、高基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分(OR9.196,95％ CI2.828～19.815;P ＜0.001)是急性缺血性卒中患者转归不良的独立危险因素.MAU阳性组合并糖尿病的患者比例(P=0.038)以及空腹血糖水平(P=0.025)、血清Hcy水平(P=0.022)和颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(intima-media thickness,IMT)(P=0.019)与MAU阴性组存在显著性差异.MAU阳性组前循环梗死比例较低(P=0.033),基线NIHSS评分(P=0.003)和转归不良率较高(P＜0.001).多变量logistic回归分析显示,合并糖尿病(OR 2.237,95％ CI1.036 ～4.829;P =0.040)以及空腹血糖(OR 1.223,95％ CI1.145 ～1.673;P=0.027)和Hcy水平(OR 2.542,95％ CI 1.047～6.612;P=0.025)、颈动脉IMT(OR1.295,95％ CI1.106 ～1.362;P=0.023)和基线NIHSS评分(OR1.206,95％ CI1.044 ～1.219;P =0.023)增高与急性缺血性卒中患者MAU阳性独立相关.结论 MAU阳性是急性缺血性卒中转归不良的独立危险因素之一,且与急性缺血性卒中的部分危险因素密切相关,并对急性缺血性卒中病情严重程度和转归有着显著的影响.     

Genetics of asthma susceptibility and severity

This article summarizes major findings in genome-wide studies of asthma susceptibility and severity. Two large meta-analyses identified four chromosomal regions which were consistently associated with development of asthma. Genes that are associated with asthma subphenotypes such as lung function, biomarker levels, and asthma therapeutic responses can provide insight into mechanisms of asthma severity and disease progression. Future genetic studies will incorporate sequencing in comprehensively phenotyped asthmatics to lead to the development of personalized therapy.     

Effects of severity and location of nonsyndromic hypodontia on craniofacial morphology

Objective:To evaluate the effects of severity and location of nonsyndromic hypodontia on craniofacial morphology.Materials and Methods:A total of 154 patients with at least two or more congenitally missing teeth were selected and divided into two groups (group I [mild]: patients with two to five missing teeth; group II [severe]: patients with six or more missing teeth). The patients with hypodontia were divided into three groups according to the location of missing teeth in the dental arches (anterior, posterior, and both anterior and posterior) and location of missing teeth between the jaws (maxilla, mandible, and both maxilla and mandible). Fifty Class I patients without any missing teeth served as the control group. Twenty-one measurements were performed on lateral cephalograms. Intergroup differences for the severity and location of hypodontia were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey tests.Results:Significant decreases were found in mandibular plane angles (P < .05), upper and lower incisor measurements (P < .05), anterior (P < .001) and posterior (P < .05) face heights, and ramus height (P < .01), as well as a significant increase in the soft tissue convexity angle (P < .05) among the hypodontia groups and control group. These differences were more excessive in the severe hypodontia group. Upper lip-E plane measurements were significantly longer in the mandible group than in the maxilla group (P < .01).Conclusions:Patients with congenitally missing teeth have different craniofacial morphologies. The severity and location of missing teeth have a significant effect.     

Patient distribution in a mass casualty event of an airplane crash

Introduction

Difficulties have been reported in the patient distribution during Mass Casualty Incidents. In this study we analysed the regional patient distribution protocol (PDP) and the actual patient distribution after the 2009 Turkish Airlines crash near Amsterdam.

Methods

Analysis of the patient distribution of 126 surviving casualties of the crash by collecting data on medical treatment capacity, number of patients received per hospital, triage classification, Injury Severity Score (ISS), secondary transfers, distance from the crash site, and the critical mortality rate.

Results

The PDP holds ambiguous definitions of medical treatment capacity and was not followed. There were 14 receiving hospitals (distance from crash: 5.8–53.5 km); four hospitals received 133–213% of their treatment capacity, and 5 hospitals received 1 patient. Three hospitals within 20 km of the crash did not receive any casualties. Level I trauma centres received 89% of the ‘critical’ casualties and 92% of the casualties with ISS ≥ 16. Only 3 casualties were secondarily transferred, and no casualties died in, or on the way to hospital (critical mortality rate = 0%).

Conclusion

Patient distribution worked out well after the crash as secondary transfers were low and critical mortality rate was zero. However, the regional PDP was not followed in this MCI and casualties were unevenly distributed among hospitals. The PDP is indistinctive, and should be updated in cooperation between Emergency Services, surrounding hospitals, and Schiphol International Airport as a high risk area.     

Value of adipokines in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis: Comprehensive review

AIM: To analyze the prognostic value of adipokines in predicting the course, complications and fatal outcome of acute pancreatitis (AP).METHODS: We performed the search of PubMed database and the systemic analysis of the literature for both experimental and human studies on prognostic value of adipokines in AP for period 2002-2012. Only the papers that described the use of adipokines for prediction of severity and/or complications of AP were selected for further analysis. Each article had to contain information about the levels of measured adipokines, diagnosis and verification of AP, to specify presence of pancreatic necrosis, organ dysfunction and/or mortality rates. From the very beginning, study was carried out adhering to the PRISMA checklist and flowchart for systemic reviews. To assess quality of all included human studies, the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool was used. Because of the high heterogeneity between the studies, it was decided to refrain from the statistical processing or meta-analysis of the available data.RESULTS: Nine human and three experimental studies were included into review. In experimental studies significant differences between leptin concentrations at 24 and 48 h in control, acute edematous and acute necrotizing pancreatitis groups were found (P = 0.027 and P < 0.001). In human studies significant differences between leptin and resitin concentrations in control and acute pancreatitis groups were found. 1-3 d serum adiponectin threshold of 4.5 μg/mL correctly classified the severity of 81% of patients with AP. This threshold yielded a sensitivity of 70%, specificity 85%, positive predictive value 64%, negative predictive value88% (area under curve 0.75). Resistin and visfatin concentrations differ significantly between mild and severe acute pancreatitis groups, they correlate with severity of disease, need for interventions and outcome. Both adipokines are good markers for parapancreatic necrosis and the cut-off values of 11.9 ng/mL and 1.8 ng/mL respectively predict the high ranges of radiological scores. However, the review revealed that all nine human studies with adipokines are very different in terms of methodology and objectives, so it is difficult to generalize their results. It seems that concentrations of the leptin and resistin increases significantly in patients with acute pancreatitis compared with controls. Serum levels of adiponectin, visfatin and especially resitin (positive correlation with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, Ranson and C-reactive protein) are significantly different in mild acute pancreatitis and severe acute pancreatitis patients, so, they can serve as a markers for the disease severity prediction. Resistin and visfatin can also be used for pancreatic and parapancreatic necrosis prediction, interventions needs and possible, outcome.CONCLUSION: High levels of adipokines could allow for prediction of a severe disease course and outcome even in small pancreatic lesions on computed tomography scans.     

腹泻型肠易激综合征患者食物不耐受、症状指数及回盲部肥大细胞变化的相关性

目的:比较食物不耐受(food intolerance,FI)在腹泻型肠易激综合征患者(diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome,D-IBS)及健康人群中的存在情况,分析D-IBS患者食物不耐受严重程度、症状指数与回盲部肥大细胞数量变化之间的关系,以探讨食物不耐受在D-IBS发病中的意义及可能机制.方法:选取符合罗马Ⅲ诊断标准的D-IBS患者22例为病例组,无消化系症状的健康体检者21例为对照组,分别接受结肠镜检查.应用食物不耐受状况评价问卷对2组进行食物不耐受状况评分;用功能性肠病症状严重指数(functional bowel disorder severity index,FBDSI)和IBS病情尺度调查表(IBS symptomseverity scale,IBS-SSS)对病例组进行IBS症状严重程度评分.所有研究对象均接受结肠镜检查,在距回盲瓣4cm处取活检组织2块,采用甲苯胺蓝染色法计数黏膜肥大细胞数量,并与食物不耐受严重程度指数、IBS症状严重程度评分进行相关性分析.结果:D-IBS患者回盲部肠黏膜肥大细胞计数(4.68±0.55)个/高倍镜视野,健康对照组为(1.33±0.54)个/高倍镜视野,P<0.001,差异具有统计学意义;病例组食物不耐受存在情况明显高于对照组(P<0.05);食物不耐受严重程度与IBS症状严重程度指数间呈正相关(FBDSI:r=0.992,P<0.001;IBS-SSS:r=0.970,P<0.001);回盲部肥大细胞计数与I B S症状严重程度指数间呈正相关(FBDSI:r=0.957,P<0.001;IBS-SSS:r=0.985,P<0.001);食物不耐受严重程度与IBS患者回盲部肥大细胞计数间呈正相关(r=0.964,P<0.001),健康对照组中食物不耐受者回盲部肥大细胞计数明显高于无食物不耐受者(P<0.05).结论:D-IBS临床症状与肠道肥大细胞数量增多密切相关,食物抗原的刺激作用可能是D-IBS患者回盲部肥大细胞数目增多的原因之一;D-IBS患者食物不耐受存在情况普遍,食物不耐受可加重D-IBS患者肠道症状.