The effects of probiotic supplementation on mental health,biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background and objectiveIn the current meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the effects of probiotic supplementation on mental health, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders were assessed.MethodsThe following databases were search up to February 2019: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google scholar and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.ResultsTwelve studies were included in the current meta-analysis. The findings demonstrated that probiotic supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) [Weighted Mean Difference (WMD): -9.60; 95 % CI: -10.08, -9.11]. In addition, a significant reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD: -1.59; 95 % CI: -2.22, -0.97), interleukin 10 (IL-10) (WMD: -0.29; 95 % CI: -0.48, -0.11) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (WMD: -0.38; 95 % CI: -0.63, -0.13) was found after probiotics supplementation. No significant change was seen in Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score (WMD: -11.17; 95 % CI: -24.99, 2.65), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (WMD: -0.12; 95 % CI: -0.20, -0.05), IL-1B (WMD: -0.34; 95 % CI: -1.43, 0.74), IL-6 (WMD: 0.03; 95 % CI: -0.32, 0.38), nitric oxide (NO) (WMD: -0.54; 95 % CI: -2.16, 1.08), glutathione (GSH) (WMD: 46.79; 95 % CI: -17.25, 110.83) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels (WMD: 15.21; 95 % CI: -59.96, 90.37) after probiotics supplementation.ConclusionOverall, the current meta-analysis demonstrated that taking probiotic by patients with psychiatric disorders had beneficial effects on HAMD, CRP, IL-10 and MDA levels, but it did not affect BDI score, other markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.     

Multispecies probiotic protects gut barrier function in experimental models

AIM:To investigate the effect of the probiotic combination Lactibiane Tolerance?(LT)on epithelial barrier function in vitro and in vivo.METHODS:The effect of the multispecies probiotic LT was assessed on several models of epithelial barrier function both in vitro(in basal and inflammatory conditions)and in vivo[visceral hypersensitivity induced by chronic stress or by colonic perfusion of a fecal supernatant(FSN)from patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)].In vitro,we measured the permeability of confluent T84 cell monolayers incubated with or without LT by evaluating the paracellular flux of macromolecules,in basal conditions and after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide(LPS)or with conditioned medium of colonic biopsies from IBS patients(IBS-CM).In vivo,male C57/Bl6 mice received orally NaCl or LT for 15 d and were submitted to water avoidance stress(WAS)before evaluating visceral sensitivity by measuring the myoelectrical activity of the abdominal muscle and the paracellular permeability with 51Cr-EDTA.Permeability and sensitivity were also measured after colonic instillation of FSN.Tight-junctions were assessed by immunoblotting and TLR-4 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry RESULTS:Incubation of T84 cell monolayers with LT in basal conditions had no significant effect on permeability(P>0.05 vs culture medium).By contrast,addition of LT bacterial bodies(LT)completely prevented the LPS-induced increase in paracellular permeability(P<0.01 vs LPS 10 ng/mL(LPS 10);P<0.01 vs LPS 100ng/mL(LPS 100),P>0.05 vs culture medium).The effect was dose dependent as addition of 109 LT bacterial bodies induced a stronger decrease in absorbance than 106 LT(109 LT+LPS 10:-20.1%±13.4,P<0.01vs LPS 10;106 LT+LPS 10:-11.6%±6.2,P<0.01 vs LPS 10;109 LT+LPS 100:-14.4%±5.5,P<0.01 vs LPS 100;106 LT+LPS 100:-11.6%±7.3,P<0.05 vs LPS 100).Moreover,the increase in paracellular permeability induced by culturing T84 cells with conditioned medium of colonic biopsies from IBS patients(IBS-CM)was completely inhibited in the presence of 109 LT(P<0.01 vs IBS-CM).LT also significantly prevented the epithelial disruption induced by intracolonic infusion of fecal supernatant from IBS patients(P<0.01 vs IBS FSN)or water avoidance stress P<0.01 vs WAS)in C57/Bl6 mice and increased the expression of occludin in vitro and in vivo,as assessed by immnunoblotting.The WAS-induced effect on visceral sensitivity was prevented by LT treatment since values obtained for all steps of colorectal distension were significantly(P<0.01)different from the WAS group.Finally,LT downregulated the response mediated through TLR-4 in vitro(decrease in tumor necrosis factorαsecretion in response to LPS:-65.8%for 109 LT and-52.5%for 106LT,P<0.01 vs LPS)and in vivo(inhibition of WAS induced an increase in TLR-4 expression in the LT treated mice colon,P<0.01 vs WAS).CONCLUSION:The probiotic LT mix prevented the disruption to the epithelial barrier induced by LPS,stress or colonic soluble factors from IBS patients and prevented visceral hypersensitivity.     

The impact of probiotic yogurt consumption on lipid profiles in subjects with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background and aimsPotential beneficial effect of probiotic yogurt on the lipid profile has raised much interest. However, the results are inconsistent in this regard. The aim of the study is to determine the effects of probiotic yogurt on serum lipid profile in individuals with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia.Methods and resultsOnline databases including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Igaku Chuo Zasshi were searched until March 19th 2019. The effect sizes were expressed as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Seven eligible trials with 274 participants were included in this systematic review. Pooling of 9 effect sizes from these seven articles revealed a significant reduction in total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels following probiotic yogurt consumption (mean difference: −8.73 mg/dl, 95% CI: −15.98, −1.48, p-value = 0.018 and mean difference: −10.611 mg/dl, 95% CI: −16.529, −4.693, p-value = 0.000, respectively) without significant heterogeneity among the studies (I² = 40.6%, p-value = 0.1 and I² = 24.2%, p-value = 0.229, respectively). The results showed no significant changes in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Also, none of the variables showed a significant change for sensitivity analysis.ConclusionAvailable evidence suggests that probiotic yogurt can significantly reduce total cholesterol and LDL-c in subjects with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia without a significant effect on HDL-c and triglyceride levels.     

益生菌对实验性结肠炎大鼠肠黏膜TLR2、TLR4表达及NF-κB活性的影响

目的通过检测益生菌对实验性结肠炎大鼠肠黏膜上皮细胞(IECs)Toll样受体(Toll Like recefor,TLR)、TLR4表达及肠黏膜核因子,kappa B活化的影响,探讨益生菌预防与辅助治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制。方法将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,即正常对照组(N)、模型组(M)、益生菌组(P)。正常对照组正常饲养,不予任何处理;模型组给予含5%葡聚糖硫酸钠dextransulfate sodium的饮用水10 d建立亚急性结肠炎模型,第11 d开始常规饲养观察2周;益生菌组则在建立模型后给予双歧三联活菌500 mg.kg-1.d-1灌胃,1次/d,共2周;2周后处死所有大鼠,观察疾病活动指数(DAI),进行组织学评分(HPS)和分离ICEs并提取ICE中的总RNA,用RT-PCR法检测TLR2、TLR4的表达;采用免疫组织化学方法检测NF-κB的活性情况。结果益生菌组的症状、组织损害程度均较模型组明显减轻;模型组和益生菌组TLR2和TLR4的表达均明显高于正常对照组(P<0.001);与模型组比较,益生菌组TLR2的表达增加(P<0.05),而TLR4的表达则明显下降(P<0.001);模型组NF-κB活性明显高于益生菌组和正常对照组(P<0.001),益生菌组与正常对照组NF-κB活性比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论益生菌通过促使TLR2表达进一步增加,并可抑制TLR4的表达,进而控制NF-κB的活性,并在缓解肠道炎症中发挥作用。     

微生态制剂对溃疡性结肠炎疗效的系统评价

背景：溃疡性结肠炎（UC）是一种病因尚未明确的慢性非特异性肠道炎症,微生态制剂在UC的治疗中起重要作用。目的：对微生态制剂联合标准方案（氨基水杨酸类制剂或糖皮质激素）治疗UC的疗效进行系统评价。方法：计算机检索Cochrane图书馆（截至2011．8）、MEDLINE（1966．11～2011．8）、EMBASE（1975．10－2011．8）、中国生物医学文献光盘数据库（1979．11-2011．8）和中文期刊全文数据库（1985．4－2011．8）等数据库．纳入微生态制剂组（微生态制剂联合标准方案）与对照组（标准方案联合安慰剂或空白对照）治疗UC的随机对照试验（RCT）,采用RevMan4．2软件行系统分析。结果：共纳入8项RCT,包括533例患者。微生态制剂组的UC临床缓解率和总有效率明显优于对照组,OR分别为2．48（95％CI：1．54－4．00）和7．38（95％CI：1．65～33．06）,临床有效率无明显差异（OR=2．64．95％CI：0．46～5．88）,而复发率明显低于对照组（OR=0．22,95％CI：0．05。0．87）。结论：微生态制剂联合标准方案对诱导和维持UC缓解的疗效优于单用标准方案．     

Probiotic intervention has strain-specific anti-inflammatory effects in healthy adults

AIM： To evaluate the effects of three potentially anti-inflammatory probiotic bacteria from three different genera on immune variables in setting based on previous in cytokine responses. healthy adults in a clinical vitro characterization of METHODS： A total of 62 volunteers participated in this randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled parallel group intervention study. The volunteers were randomized to receive a milk-based drink containing either Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG （LGG）, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 （Bb12）, or Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS （PJS） or a placebo drink for 3 wk. Venous blood and saliva samples were taken at baseline and on d 1, 7 and 21. Fecal samples were collected at baseline and at the end of intervention. RESULTS： The serum hsCRP expressed as the median AUC0-21 （minus baseline） was 0.018 mg/L in the placebo group, -0.240 mg/L in the LGG group, 0.090 mg/L in the Bb12 group and -0.085 mg/L in the PJS group （P = 0.014）. In vitro production of TNF-α from in vitro cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC） was significantly lower in subjects receiving LGG vs placebo. IL-2 production from PBMC in the Bb12 group was significantly lower compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION： In conclusion, probiotic bacteria have strain-specific anti-inflammatory effects in healthy adults.     

Evaluation of immune response,microbiota, and blood markers after probiotic bacteria administration in obese mice induced by a high-fat diet

ObjectiveObesity is associated with alterations in intestinal microbiota and immunity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 administration on intestinal and humoral immune response, clinical parameters, and gut microbiota was evaluated using a high-fat diet to induce obesity in a mouse model.MethodsAdult mice received a conventional balanced diet or a high-fat diet supplemented with milk, milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei (FM), L. casei as suspension, or water over 60 d. Histology of liver and small intestine (SI), immunoglobulin A-positive cells and macrophages in SI, phagocytic activity of spleen and peritoneal macrophages, and humoral immune response to ovalbumin were studied. Clinical parameters in serum and gut microbiota were also analyzed.ResultsFM was the most effective supplement for decreasing body weight and clinical parameters in serum. The histology of liver and SI was also improved in obese mice given FM. These animals had increased numbers of immunoglobulin A-positive cells and macrophages in SI. The gut microbiota showed that obese mice given probiotics had increased Bacteroides and bifidobacteria. Administration of FM or L. casei as suspension enhanced the phagocytic activity of macrophages. The anti-ovalbumin specific immune response was not increased by any supplement assayed.ConclusionAdministration of probiotics to obese hosts improved the gut microbiota and the mucosal immunity altered by obesity, down-regulated some biochemical parameters in blood associated with metabolic syndrome, and decreased liver steatosis. These results demonstrate the potential use of probiotics in obese individuals to decrease the body weight and to improve the biochemical and immunologic parameters altered by obesity.     

Effect of vaginal probiotic lactobacilli on in vitro-induced sperm lipid peroxidation and its impact on sperm motility and viability

A combination of three selected strains of lactobacilli (Lactobacillus brevis [CD2], L. salivarius [FV2], and L. plantarum [FV9]), whose effectiveness in treating bacterial vaginosis in the form of vaginal tablets has been reported recently, prevented sperm lipid peroxidation that was induced in vitro by a ferrous ion promoter, thus preserving sperm motility and viability. This finding suggests the potential of vaginal probiotic lactobacilli for protecting human spermatozoa from radical oxygen species in the presence of vaginal disorders, thereby improving the fertilization potential of the female host.