Adolescent alcohol initiation: A review of psychosocial risk factors

Longitudinal research studies focused on alcohol use initiation in adolescence were reviewed to determine which variables function as antecedent predictors or risk factors. Only studies that focused on time-1 abstainers were included. Classes of risk factors examined include sociodemographic, family, peer, personality, and behavioral variables. The most consistent antecedent risk factors for starting to drink in adolescence were parental and peer approval and models for drinking and drug use as well as adolescents’ own prior involvement in delinquent behavior. There was little evidence for gender differences in risk factors for alcohol use initiation. Secondary analyses of existing longitudinal data sets are encouraged to examine whether there are ethnic/racial differences in the risk factors for starting to drink and to establish those factors that serve a protective or buffering function, delaying onset of alcohol use in adolescence.     

冠心病心绞痛中医证候规律研究的比较分析

对冠心病心绞痛中医证候规律研究类的文献，从证候要素分布的差异、主要证候分类的差异、证候要素与理化指标的相关研究等方面进行比较分析，初步认为本病的证候要素应证组合是以气虚、血瘀为中心，阴虚、痰浊为次中心，气滞、阳虚、热蕴为外围所组成的多层次的证候体系。     

常规放疗结合后程立体定向放射治疗老年非小细胞肺癌患者的预后分析

目的观察老年非小细胞肺癌立体定向放疗疗效,并探讨其预后因子。方法128例老年非小细胞肺癌患者行常规放疗结合立体定向放疗,定期随访。结果全组患者1年生存率65.72%,单因素分析表明肿瘤体积、肿瘤剂量、卡氏评分影响近期结果,多因素分析仅肿瘤体积和肿瘤剂量为近期疗效预后因子,与生存期有关的预后因素为近期疗效、肿瘤剂量、临床分期。结论立体定向放疗可延长生存时间,对Ⅲ期患者,肿瘤剂量提高至72Gy是安全的。     

Soluble CD14 at 2 yr of age: Gender-related effects of tobacco smoke exposure, recurrent infections and atopic diseases

The endotoxin receptor soluble CD14 (sCD14) has been implicated in the 'hygiene hypothesis' suggesting reduced allergic sensitization with bacterial stimulation. However, the relationship between early life sCD14 and allergic diseases is conflicting. We aimed to investigate whether possible risk factors for allergic diseases were associated with sCD14 levels at 2 yr of age. In the nested case-control study of the birth cohort studies 'Environment and Childhood Asthma study in Oslo' 411 children selected with recurrent bronchial obstruction (rBO) (n=241) and no bronchial obstruction (n=170) by 2 yr were investigated with skin prick test and structured parental interview at age 2 yr. Exposure to tobacco smoke, pets and infections was recorded semi-annually by questionnaires (0-2 yr). The sCD14 was analysed from frozen, stored serum by ELISA technique. Regression analyses were performed in all subjects with complete data (n=406, 180 girls), and in girls and in boys separately. Mean sCD14 (ng/ml) was significantly higher among girls 2035 (1973-2096) vs. 1947 (1890-2004) (boys). The sCD14 was significantly reduced among girls exposed to antenatal maternal smoking and with parental asthma, after adjusting for age, parental rhino-conjunctivitis, pet keeping and childhood infections. Recurrent otitis media (OM) increased and common colds significantly decreased sCD14 levels in girls. Boys with atopic dermatitis and rBO had reduced sCD14. Pet exposure was not significantly associated with sCD14. We report novel gender-related effects of sCD14 in early life and suggest that gender, tobacco smoke exposure, age and middle ear disease in particular should be accounted for when assessing the role of sCD14 in childhood allergic diseases.     

国人C型肝性脑病发病诱因分析

目的了解国人C型肝性脑病发病诱因及相关因素。方法对国内已经发表的11个研究样本（患者总样本量1131例）进行综合分析。结果在9类纳入统计分析的诱因中：消化道出血占43．8％、各种感染占33．9％、电解质紊乱占29．1％、医源性因素占28．2％、饮食不节占14．2％、肾功能衰竭占13．0％，分居前6位，另外腹泻占2．4％，便秘占1．8％，原因未明／无占2．7％。其中医源性因素按照发生频率依次为：大量利尿和／或放腹水占14．5％、手术／创伤占6．0％，药物占4．5％，输血／输复合氨基酸占3．2％。结论警惕肝性脑病多种诱因的存在，尤其不能忽视医源性因素。按照发病概率积极寻找并消除诱因，对于改善顸后尤为重要。     

小学生个性影响因素研究

【目的】分析影响儿童个性的有关因素，为培养儿童的健全人格提供依据。【方法】对西安市所属的七个区各随机抽取一所学校，每所学校抽取四、五、六年级各两个班．采用龚耀先修订的艾森克个性问卷（Eysenck Personality Questionnaire，EPQ）（儿童用）和自编的个人一般情况调查表，对2000名儿童进行调查。将调查所得数椐进行多元逐步回归分析。【结果】影响小学生个性精神性（Psy choticism，P）的因素有性别、是否班干部、父母关系；影响内外向（extrovision and intrnision，E）的因素有性别、父母关系、是否班干部、住所、母亲文化程度、所在学校；影响情绪稳定性（nearoticism，N）、掩饰性（lie,L）的均为性别、父母关系2个因素。【结论】儿童个性受家庭、学校环境等的多重影响。家长、教师应创造良好的家庭、社会环境，保持情绪乐观、稳定，避免对子女儿童的负面影响，以利于其个性向积极方向发展。     

血小板激活因子拮抗剂YM-264对抗原引起气道嗜酸性粒细胞浸润的影响

应用鸡卵清蛋白致敏和刺激小鼠复制过敏性气道炎症反应模型研究血小板激活因子选择性拮抗剂ＹＭ－２６４对抗原引起气道嗜酸性粒细胞（ＥＯＳ）浸润的影响。结果发现，正常小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）中未见到ＥＯＳ；致敏小鼠给予抗原多次反复吸入刺激后，ＢＡＬＦ中ＥＯＳ急剧增多。在ＹＭ－２６４治疗各组中，ＹＭ－２６４的不同剂量分别导致ＥＯＳ数下降２７．０％、４８．２％及６７．９％。还发现ＹＭ－２６４抑制ＥＯＳ对气道的浸润伴随着白细胞介素（ＩＬ）－５水平的明显下降。提示ＹＭ－２６４通过抑制ＩＬ－５的产生从而抑制了ＥＯＳ在气道的聚集。     

Risk Factors for a First Febrile Seizure: A Matched Case-Control Study

Summary We conducted a matched casecontrol study to identify risk factors for first febrile seizures, with special emphasis on characteristics of the acute illness episode. Cases were identified through hospital emergency departments; controls were identified through outpatient clinics and emergency departments. Sixtynine children with first febrile seizures and no history of previous unprovoked seizures were matched for age (±6 months), site of routine pediatric care, and date of visit (±weeks) with 1 or 2 febrile controls who had no history of previous febrile or unprovoked seizures. Medical records for the index visit were reviewed, and parents were interviewed by telephone. Illness characteristics examined included height of temperature, type of underlying illness, contact with a physician during the illness but before the index visit, and use of acetaminophen or decongestants. Family history of febrile and of unprovoked seizures, sociodemographic characteristics, daycare use, and selected preand perinatal variables were also studied. On multivariable analysis, significant independent risk factors were height of temperature, history of febrile seizures in a firstor in a higher degree relative. Gastroenteritis as the underlying illness had a significant inverse (i.e., protective) association with febrile seizures. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was a marginally significant predictor of febrile seizures.