1913t/h锅炉运行氧量优化试验研究

针对一台1 913t/h锅炉的热效率和排烟中NOx质量浓度问题,采用试验的方法研究了运行氧量对锅炉热效率和NOx生成的影响。结果表明:在保证锅炉安全经济运行的前提下,降低排烟中氧体积分数既可以提高锅炉热效率,又能降低NOx质量浓度;并推荐优化后的运行氧量曲线。     

1000 MW机组塔式锅炉NOx排放的试验研究

以某电厂1000MW超超临界机组塔式锅炉为研究对象,采用低NOx燃烧优化技术,进行了变氧量、变二次风配风方式、变煤层二次风、变强耦合式燃尽风（CCOFA）风量和变分离式燃尽风（SOFA）风量对锅炉NO、排放浓度影响的试验研究,分析了锅炉NOx排放浓度与锅炉运行参数的关系,试验研究结论可用于指导同类型锅炉的高效低NOx运行.     

M701F3型燃气轮机降低NO_x排放技术措施探讨

为了探讨三菱重工M701F3型燃气轮机NOx排放恶化的原因及降低NOx排放的对策,分析了燃烧过程中NOx生成机理及影响NOx生成的因素,并列举了其他燃气轮机制造厂家先进的燃气轮机燃烧控制技术。在阐述M701F3型燃气轮机的机械结构基础上,总结了造成NOx排放恶化的原因,同时提出改善措施,通过实践证明这些改善措施确实取得了良好的应用效果,有效降低了机组的NOx排放。最后,提出了将M701F4型燃气轮机的透平高温部件及燃烧器应用到M701F3型燃气轮机上大幅度降低机组NOx排放的改进方向。     

利用废气再循环与米勒循环提高氢内燃机压缩比的研究

建立了氢内燃机一维模型,分别仿真分析了废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)技术和米勒循环技术对抑制爆震及氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的效果,最后结合两种技术探索了可达到的最大压缩比和最好的NO_x排放性能。结果显示EGR技术对抑制NO_x排放更有效,米勒循环对抑制爆震更有效,最终在本研究的工况下,可以将内燃机的压缩比从10.0提升到18.4,指示热效率提升了8.0%,达到了44.87%,同时NO_x排放减少了26.2%,达到了1.937g/(kW·h)。     

Multi-stage ammonia production for sorption selective catalytic reduction of NOx

Sorption selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) (sorption-SCR) has ever been proposed for replacing commercial urea selective catalytic reduction of NO_x (urea-SCR), while only the single-stage sorption cycle is hitherto adopted for sorption-SCR. Herein, various multi-stage ammonia production cycles is built to solve the problem of relative high starting temperature with ammonia transfer (AT) unit and help detect the remaining ammonia in ammonia storage and delivery system (ASDS) with ammonia warning (AW) unit. Except for the single-stage ammonia production cycle with MnCl₂, other sorption-SCR strategies all present overwhelming advantages over urea-SCR considering the much higher NO_x conversion driven by the heat source lower than 100°C and better matching characteristics with low-temperature catalysts. Furthermore, the required mass of sorbent for each type of sorption-SCR is less than half of the mass of AdBlue for urea-SCR. Therefore, the multifunctional multi-stage sorption-SCR can realize compact and renewable ammonia storage and delivery with low thermal energy consumption and high NO_x conversion, which brings a bright potential for efficient commercial de-NO_x technology.     

Impact of biodiesel bulk modulus on injection pressure and injection timing. The effect of residual pressure

As the demand for energy rises fossil fuel reserves are depleted daily, increasing the interest in alternative fuels. Biodiesel is one of the best candidates in this class and its use is expected to expand rapidly throughout the world. Numerous researchers have been investigating how biodiesel affects combustion, pollutant formation and exhaust aftertreatment. There is general agreement that its combustion characteristics are similar to those of standard diesel fuel, except for a shorter ignition delay, a higher ignition temperature, and greater ignition pressure and peak heat release. Engine power output is similar with both fuels. As regards emissions, reductions in particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) and increases in nitrogen oxides (NOx) are described with most biodiesel blends. The latter is referred to as the ‘biodiesel NOx effect’. The vast majority of researchers who explored the effect of biodiesel did so in mechanical injection engines. They found that the primary mechanism by which biodiesel increases NOx emissions is by an inadvertent advance in the start of injection timing, caused by a higher modulus and viscosity. However, more recent studies show that NOx emissions also increase in biodiesel-fuelled common rail engines, and that in some cases they actually decrease in engines with mechanically controlled fuel injection systems. This cannot be explained solely by differences in compressibility and remains an open question. The present study provides a contribution to the discussion in this field by describing a new method to evaluate the injection advance in engines with mechanically controlled pumps. The experimental data show that the advances in the start of injection timing, using biodiesel rather than mineral diesel, are smaller than those calculated with standard methods and may even not occur at all, depending on injection system design. In addition, they demonstrate that, contrary to common belief, injection pressure does not always increase when using biodiesel. These data may help explain why some researchers have found similar or even reduced NOx emission also with mechanical injection systems.     

Selective reduction of NO on Ag/Al2O3 catalysts prepared from boehmite needles

Ag/Al₂O₃ catalysts prepared from boehmite needles (ca. 10 nm×100 nm), which were formed by a hydrolysis of aluminium tri-isopropoxide (AIP), showed good performances for selective catalytic reduction of NO_x compared with the previously reported catalysts [N. Aoyama, K. Yoshida, A. Abe, T. Miyadera, Catal. Lett. 43 (1997) 249], especially when ethanol is employed as a reducing agent in the presence of water. Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) study revealed that the Ag species are attractively interacted with the alumina surface and the oxidized Ag species contribute positively for the improvement of the catalytic activity at the temperatures above 750 K. It is concluded that the boehmite needles as a precursor of alumina support are useful to create the catalytically active sites for NO_x reduction.     

Urea-SCR: a promising technique to reduce NOx emissions from automotive diesel engines

Urea-SCR, the selective catalytic reduction using urea as reducing agent, has been investigated for about 10 years in detail and today is a well established technique for DeNO_x of stationary diesel engines. It is presently also considered as the most promising way to diminish NO_x emissions originating from heavy duty vehicles, especially trucks.

The paper discusses the fundamental problems and challenges if urea-SCR is extended to mobile applications. The major goal is the reduction of the required catalyst volume while still maintaining a high selectivity for the SCR reaction over a wide temperature range. The much shorter residence time of the exhaust gas in the catalyst will lead to higher secondary emissions of ammonia and isocyanic acid originating from the reducing agent. Additional problems include the control strategy for urea dosing, the high freezing point of urea, and the long term stability of the catalyst.     

Selective catalytic NOx reduction on Antimony promoted V2O5-Sb/TiO2 catalyst

Quantum chemical calculation was carried out to choose a promoter which can reduce the poisoning of V2O5/TiO2 catalysts by SO2.Several atoms were chosen as candidates and new catalysts were synthesized by impregnation method.The NOx conversion rate was measured at temperatures between 100 and 400 ℃ and poisoning effect was investigated.The most promising candidate promoter, Se, was excluded because of its high vapor pressure.On the other hand, Sb shows best promoting properties.Sb promoted catalyst reaches the maximum NOx conversion rate at 250 ℃.It also shows considerably enhanced resistance to poisoning of V2O5/TiO2 catalysts by SO2.     

Application of computational fluid dynamics analysis for improving performance of commercial scale selective catalytic reduction

The performance of commercial scale selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is strongly dependant upon the degree of mixing between NH₃ and NOx or NH₃ concentration distribution at the catalyst layer according to the reaction kinetics of SCR catalysts. Insufficient mixing of the reduction agent and NOx mass flow necessitates an uneconomically large catalyst volume and high NH₃ slip to meet the required NOx emission values. The effective methodology which can increase the performance of commercial scale SCR through improving NH₃ concentration distribution at the catalyst layer using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was suggested and applied to the real operations. The operation results have shown that the performance of commercial SCR was improved from 54.4% to 74.8% as NH₃ concentration deviation at the catalyst layer was reduced from 23.6% to 8.6%. It is established that the increase of NH₃ concentration uniformity at the catalyst layer contributes to improvement of performance of commercial scale SCR.