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101.
102.
Although function points (FP) are considered superior to source lines of code (SLOC) for estimating software size and monitoring developer productivity, practitioners still commonly use SLOC. One reason for this is that individuals who fill different roles on a development team, such as managers and developers, may perceive the benefits of FP differently. We conducted a survey to determine whether a perception gap exists between managers and developers for FP and SLOC across several desirable properties of software measures. Results suggest managers and developers perceive the benefits of FP differently and indicate that developers better understand the benefits of using FP than managers. 相似文献
103.
Improving the generalization performance of RBF neural networks using a linear regression technique 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
C.L. Lin J.F. Wang C.Y. Chen C.W. Chen C.W. Yen 《Expert systems with applications》2009,36(10):12049-12053
In this paper we present a method for improving the generalization performance of a radial basis function (RBF) neural network. The method uses a statistical linear regression technique which is based on the orthogonal least squares (OLS) algorithm. We first discuss a modified way to determine the center and width of the hidden layer neurons. Then, substituting a QR algorithm for the traditional Gram–Schmidt algorithm, we find the connected weight of the hidden layer neurons. Cross-validation is utilized to determine the stop training criterion. The generalization performance of the network is further improved using a bootstrap technique. Finally, the solution method is used to solve a simulation and a real problem. The results demonstrate the improved generalization performance of our algorithm over the existing methods. 相似文献
104.
Sarah Hamel 《国际通用系统杂志》2016,45(6):689-710
In this paper, a modified generalized function projective synchronization scheme for a class of master–slave chaotic systems subject to dynamic disturbances and input nonlinearities (dead-zone and sector nonlinearities) is investigated. This synchronization system can be seen as a generalization of many existing projective synchronization schemes (namely the function projective synchronization, the modified projective synchronization and so on), in the sense that the master system has a scaling function matrix and the slave system has a scaling factor matrix. To practically achieve this generalized function synchronization, an adaptive fuzzy variable-structure control system is designed. The fuzzy systems are used to appropriately approximate the uncertain nonlinear functions. A Lyapunov approach is employed to prove the boundedness of all signals of the closed-loop control system as well as the exponential convergence of the synchronization errors to an adjustable region. Simulations results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed generalized function PS scheme. 相似文献
105.
使用Flash制作动作,如果只基于时间轴和动画图层来设计,将会受到很大的限制,例如一些复杂、精彩的动画效果难以实现,也不能让观赏者与媒体互动,即媒体不具有交互性。要想动画具有交互性,能使观赏者通过选择来控制播放的顺序或呈现不同的内容,就需要使用Flash的动作脚本语言。 相似文献
106.
设计了一种基于FPGA的轨道振动信号数字监测接收机,详细阐述了接收机的数据流走向及其振动信号频域分析的实现.设计中以Altera的cycloneⅢ系列芯片EP3c25Q240C8为硬件平台,以QuartusⅡ9.1为软件平台,数据存储缓存单元使用ISIS公司的IS61NLP102418,频域分析则使用1024个点的FFT,进行功率谱估计. 相似文献
107.
Research on the robustness of fuzzy logic systems (FLSs), an imperative factor in the design process, is very limited in the literature. Specifically, when a system is subjected to small deviations of the sampling points (operating points), it is of great interest to find the maximum tolerance of the system, which we refer to as the system’s robustness. In this paper, we present a methodology for the robustness analysis of interval type-2 FLSs (IT2 FLSs) that also holds for T1 FLSs, hence, making it more general. A procedure for the design of robust IT2 FLSs with a guaranteed performance better than or equal to their T1 counterparts is then proposed. Several examples are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies. It was concluded that both T1 and IT2 FLSs can be designed to achieve robust behavior in various applications, and preference one or the other, in general, is application-dependant. IT2 FLSs, having a more flexible structure than T1 FLSs, exhibited relatively small approximation errors in the several examples investigated. The methodologies presented in this paper lay the foundation for the design of FLSs with robust properties that will be very useful in many practical modeling and control applications. 相似文献
108.
Yang WangShuangcheng Li 《Computers & Geosciences》2011,37(2):111-121
Land use systems are complex adaptive systems, and they are characterized by emergence, nonlinearity, feedbacks, self organization, path dependence, adaptation, and multiple-scale characteristics. Land use/cover change has been recognized as one of the major drivers of global environmental change. This paper presents a coupled Cellular Automata (CA) and Radial Basis Function Neural (RBFN) Network model, which combines Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to contribute to the understanding of the complex land use/cover change process. In this model, GIS analysis is used to generate spatial drivers of land use/cover changes, and RBFN is trained to extract model parameters. Through the RBFN-CA model, the conversion probabilities of each cell from its initial land use state to the target type can be generated automatically. Future land use/cover scenarios are projected by using generated parameters in the model training process. This RBFN-CA model is tested based on the comparison of model output and the real data. A BPN-CA model is also built and compared with the RBFN-CA model by using a variety of calibration metrics, including confusion matrix, figure of merit, and landscape metrics. Both the location and landscape metrics based assessment for model simulation indicate that the RBFN-CA model performs better than the BPN-CA model for simulating land use changes in the study area. Therefore the RBFN-CA model is capable of simulating multiple classes of land use/cover changes and can be used as a useful communication environment for stakeholders involved in land use decision-making. 相似文献
109.
T. EdagawaAuthor Vitae T. AkaikeAuthor Vitae Y. HigoAuthor Vitae S. HanabusaAuthor Vitae 《Journal of Systems and Software》2011,84(6):976-984
A function point (FP) is a unit of measurement that expresses the degree of functionality that an information system provides to a user. Many software organizations use FPs to estimate the effort required for software development. However, it is essential that the definition of 1 FP be based on the software development experience of the organization. In the present study, we propose a method by which to automatically extract data and transaction functions from Web applications under several conditions using static analysis. The proposed method is based on the International Function Point Users Group (IFPUG) method and has been developed as an FP measurement tool. We applied the proposed method to several Web applications and examined the difference between FP counts obtained by the tool and those obtained by a certified FP specialist (CFPS). The results reveal that the numbers of data and transaction functions extracted by the tool is approximately the same as the numbers of data and transaction functions extracted by the specialist. 相似文献
110.