Optimizing Prescribing and Deprescribing of Proton Pump Inhibitors

Prescribing of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has markedly increased since their inception more than 30 years ago. The increase is related to inappropriate and long-term prescribing of PPIs, associated with a lack of education and unclear prescribing and deprescribing guidelines. The implementation of prescribing stewardship programs influences the reduction and inappropriate use of this medication. The purpose of this review is to address the gaps that exist regarding the use of PPIs along with determining methods for deprescribing. Guidelines and stewardship programs, along with education, are needed to reduce the adverse health effects of long-term PPI therapy.     

直视医学临床见习难——浅析面临困境及其对策

随着社会发展、医学模式的转变，医疗改革和学校扩招政策的实施，传统的临床见习教学遇到了前所未有的冲击与困惑。本文根据临床见习现状进行分析，力求找到最佳的解决方法。     

脉冲微波治疗前列腺炎的临床疗效观察

目的探讨脉冲微波治疗前列腺炎的效果。方法收治前列腺炎病人532例。用南京亿高ECO—100型电脑微波前列腺炎治疗仪,经肛门途径发射脉冲微波,前列腺部位温度控制在41℃~42℃,每次持续45~60min,共七次。以显效、有效为判断疗效标准。结果17~25岁组显效47.93%,有效52.07%,26~45岁组显效52.06%,有效47.94%,两组有效率100%。结论脉冲微波经肛门途径治疗前列腺炎效果明显,有推广价值。     

肾损伤的治疗进展

轻度、中度的肾损伤可行保守治疗。严重的肾损伤出血应首选超选择性肾动脉栓塞术,因该技术定位准确,止血迅速,创伤小,恢复快,并发症少,能最大限度地保护肾脏功能,是一种安全可靠治疗肾损伤出血的有效方法。     

急性重症胰腺炎的中西医结合非手术治疗

目的:探讨中西医结合非手术治疗急性重症胰腺炎的疗效.方法:同期设治疗组和对照组,两组均给予西医综合治疗,治疗组加用中医中药.结果:治疗组治愈率81.25%,中转手术率4.17%,2～3周后手术处理后遗症率8.33%,病死率6.25%.对照组治愈率40.74%,中转手术率11.11%,2～3周后手术处理后遗症率18.52%,病死率29.63%.均有显著性差异.结论:中西医结合治疗疗效确切,并有降低死亡率、减少并发症、缩短病程等优点.     

广龙昊膏药对大鼠腰椎间盘突出模型细胞因子IL-1、NO及组织胺的影响

为探讨IL-1、NO及组织胺在腰椎间盘突出中的作用及广龙昊膏药的治疗效果，将60只大鼠造模并随机分为正常组（A组）、造模组（B组）、广龙昊膏药组（C组）和奇正止痛膏组（D组），观察其神经根周围局部组织中IL-1、NO及组织胺的含量。结果显示，B组中的IL-1、NO及组织胺较A组显著升高（P〈0．01）。C组、D组较B组明显下降（P〈0．01）。表明大鼠腰椎间盘突出模型中细胞因子IL-1、NO及组织胺明显增加可能是腰椎间盘突出中的潜在始动或促进因素，而C组能显著降低神经根局部中IL-1、NO及组织胺的含量，说明广龙昊膏药作用部分是通过抑制炎性细胞因子的活性实现的。     

溃疡宁治疗十二指肠球部溃疡活动期疗效观察

本文报告口服纯中药制剂溃疡宁片6周,治疗十二指肠球部溃疡活动期的近期治愈率为61.1%,总有效率为100%,消除各种症状的效果较好,与雷尼替丁对照组的疗效基本相同(P>0.05),而且未发现明显的毒副作用。同时,溃疡宁片对十二指肠球部溃疡活动期的各个中医证型的临床治愈率也基本相同(P>0.05)。提示溃疡宁片适应于十二指肠球部溃疡活动期中医各证型患者,是治疗十二指肠球部溃疡活动期有较好效果的固定方剂。     

子宫动脉栓塞围介入治疗期硬膜外病人自控镇痛及不同药物配伍的效应

目的 研究子宫动脉栓塞(UAE)围介入治疗期采用硬膜外病人自控镇痛(PCEA)及其不同配伍镇痛效应和不良反应。方法 80例行UAE介入治疗病人(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级)随机分成四组,RD0组(n=20):采用PCEA法,镇痛药0.2％罗哌卡因(Rop)+0.004％吗啡(Mor),RD1组(n=20):RD0组镇痛药中加入0.005％氟哌利多(Dro);RD2组(n=20):RD0组镇痛药中加入0.01％Dro,RD0～RD2组硬膜外腔穿刺(T11～12)置管后接PCA泵按LCP模式镇痛,即负荷量(6ml)+待续量(2ml/h+PcA剂量(2ml/次),锁定时间10min;C组(n=20,对照):口服尼美舒利或肌注盐酸哌替啶镇痛。双盲观察各组VAS评分、BCS舒适评分、Ramesay评分、术后恢复以及恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等并发症情况。结果 UAE导丝导管操作及栓塞时C组病人盆腔疼痛和继发性痛性痉挛发生率为90％,而RD0～RD2组无此现象;介入治疗后VAS评分、BCS评级、术后恢复时间RD0～RD2组明显优于C组(P<0.05)。PCEA各组病人围介入治疗期均安静合作,精神状态良好,C组病人烦躁不安发生率较多;恶心、呕吐发生率RD0组及C组高于RD1组及RD2组(P<0.05)。结论 UAE围介入治疗期PCEA法镇痛效果明显优于传统用药法,且副反应少,术后恢复快;PCEA配方中适量加入Dro(0.005％)可减少恶心呕吐及皮肤瘙痒。     

Multi-detector CT angiography for lower gastrointestinal bleeding: Can it select patients for endovascular intervention?

This is a retrospective review of the results at our institution of using multi-detector CT angiography (CTA) to localise lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. We hypothesised that in our patient population: (i) CTA was unlikely to demonstrate bleeding in patients who were haemodynamically stable; (ii) in haemodynamically unstable patients in whom CTA was undertaken, the results could be used to select patients who would benefit from catheter angiography; and (iii) in haemodynamically unstable patients in whom CTA was undertaken, a subgroup of patients could be identified who would benefit from primary surgical treatment, avoiding invasive angiography completely. A retrospective review was conducted of the clinical records of all patients undergoing CTA for lower GI haemorrhage at our institution between 1 January 2005 and 30 June 2007. Out of the 20 patients examined, 10 had positive CTAs demonstrating the bleeding site. Nine were haemodynamically unstable at the time of the study. Four patients with positive CT angiograms were able to be treated directly with surgery and avoided invasive angiography. Ten patients had negative CTAs. Four of these were haemodynamically unstable, six haemodynamically stable. Only one required intervention to secure haemostasis, the rest stopped spontaneously. No haemodynamically stable patient who had a negative CTA required intervention. CTA is a useful non-invasive technique for localising the site of lower GI bleeding. In our patient population, in the absence of haemodynamic instability, the diagnostic yield of CTA was low and bleeding was likely to stop spontaneously. In haemodynamically unstable patients, a positive CTA allowed patients to be triaged to surgery or angiography, whereas there was a strong association between a negative CTA and spontaneous cessation of bleeding.     

Individualized Mycophenolate Mofetil Dosing Based on Drug Exposure Significantly Improves Patient Outcomes After Renal Transplantation

Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) may be optimized with individualized doses based on therapeutic monitoring of its active metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA). In this 12-month study, 137 renal allograft recipients from 11 French centers receiving basiliximab, cyclosporine A, MMF and corticosteroids were randomized to receive either concentration-controlled doses or fixed-dose MMF. A novel Bayesian estimator of MPA AUC based on three-point sampling was used to individualize doses on posttransplant days 7 and 14 and months 1, 3 and 6. The primary endpoint was treatment failure (death, graft loss, acute rejection and MMF discontinuation). Data from 65 patients/group were analyzed. At month 12, the concentration-controlled group had fewer treatment failures (p = 0.03) and acute rejection episodes (p = 0.01) with no differences in adverse event frequency. The MMF dose was higher in the concentration-controlled group at day 14 (p < 0.0001), month 1 (p < 0.0001) and month 3 (p < 0.01), as were median AUCs on day 14 (33.7 vs. 27.1 mg*h/L; p = 0.0001) and at month 1 (45.0 vs. 30.9 mg*h/L; p < 0.0001). Therapeutic MPA monitoring using a limited sampling strategy can reduce the risk of treatment failure and acute rejection in renal allograft recipients 12 months posttransplant with no increase in adverse events.