Optimal performance for a steady-flow endoreversible refrigerator model including five typical cycles

The optimal performance of a universal endoreversible steady-flow refrigerator cycle consisting of a constant thermal-capacity heating branch, a constant thermal-capacity cooling branch and two adiabatic branches with heat transfer loss was analysed using finite-time thermodynamics. The analytical formulae about cooling load, coefficient of performance, exergy loss rate, exergy output rate and ecological criterion of the endoreversible steady-flow refrigerator cycle are derived. Moreover, analysis and optimisation of the model were carried out in order to investigate the effect of the cycle process on the performance of the cycles using numerical examples. The results obtained include the performance characteristics of endoreversible steady-flow Carnot, Diesel, Otto, Atkinson and Brayton refrigeration cycles. The results can provide some theoretical guidance for the design of practical refrigerators.     

Beyond the romantic and naı¨ve: the search for a complex ecological aesthetic design language for landscape architecture in New Zealand

Landscape design is an expression and repository of cultural values and beliefs, and in Aotearoa, New Zealand, the designed landscape faces particular challenges. Globalization is seen as a potential threat to landscape identity, which is even more significant for a country which has built its economy and self-image from its unique natural landscape. The potential for resistance is limited by the small size and youth of the profession of landscape architecture in New Zealand. While traditions of farming and gardening extend back to early European settlement in the mid nineteenth century, and beyond to indigenous Maori practices of land modification, professional landscape design is a relatively recent development (the first tertiary course in landscape architecture began at Lincoln College (now Lincoln University) in 1969). Landscape design in New Zealand draws its vocabulary from the power of the country's natural heritage landscapes, convinced that a naturalistic aesthetic exclusively represents environmental health. Some of the core values of New Zealand society are, however, overlooked by designers. The need to develop a critically informed design language which includes the farming landscape along with the natural one is argued. The invention of such a language, referred to as a complex ecological aesthetic, is seen as a potential source of design expression that is invigorated by the tension between mechanistic and natural landscape aesthetics. It therefore has the potential to promote environmental health, while being regionally grounded, and can help face the challenges that globilization poses to the landscape.     

中国特色的汽车露营公园建设——以北京国际汽车露营公园为例

房车旅游作为生态旅游的一种,在国外已经发展了数十年,成为人们休闲旅游的一部分,而中国的房车旅游还是新兴事物,处于起步阶段。因此,在国外已较为成熟且普及的房车营地旅游成为了中国现阶段大有发展前景的特色旅游形式,建设中国特色的房车旅游营地,是这一特色旅游形式大力发展的必要手段,北京国际汽车露营公园是中国目前较为完善且获得欧洲四星标准认证的露营公园,本文以此为例,探讨其开发与建设模式,为中国特色的汽车露营公园建设提出方向,开拓中国的特色休闲旅游领域。     

基于河流生境恢复的河流景观设计——以重庆肖家河为例

探索河流生境的基本结构,研究河流生境结构与河流景观功能之间的关系,有利于创造一种接近自然的河流景观,为建设人类与自然并存的河流新景观有积极的意义。本文通过重庆肖家河景观设计实践,在解析河流生境的概念、内涵和基本结构特征的基础上,讨论恢复河流生境在河流景观设计中的具体应用。     

“随季应变”的绿色生态幼儿园设计

文章以招商地产2010绿色建筑设计大赛获奖设计"随季应变———苏州小石城社区全日制幼儿园设计"为例,重点介绍了方案中多种生态节能技术的运用,和其对建筑环境性能的影响分析,从而探讨绿色生态技术指导下的建筑设计方法以及我们在绿色生态教育建筑设计中得到的启示。     

拉萨市供暖技术的适宜性分析

充分考虑拉萨市太阳能资源丰富、矿物能源匮乏和生态环境脆弱等特点,通过对气候条件、能源供应情况、建筑特征和热负荷特性等要素的分析,对拉萨市利用天然气、电力等常规能源的各种供暖方案进行了分析对比,结果表明:城市集中供暖和大规模的区域集中供暖不适宜在拉萨采用,而应采用分散式或楼栋式供暖系统形式.合理的供暖方案既能满足人们对室内热舒适环境的需求,又有利于降低能源的消耗和污染物的排放,保护拉萨的生态环境.     

基于用户需求的分布式供能系统方案设计与分析

针对某医院全年冷热电负荷的变化,考虑蓄能装置及不同热源的溴化锂吸收式制冷机的影响,设计了4种分布式供能系统方案,并对各种方案进行了热经济性指标分析.提出基于用户需求设计分布式供能系统时需要考虑基本负荷、烟气补燃、蓄能设备、评价指标.     

基于经济安全系数比的隧道穿越超浅埋大偏压段方案优化研究

在黄土高原地区,由于沟壑众多,在隧道选线过程中出现了一种最不利的地形条件,即隧道需穿越超浅埋大偏压地段。为了研究其经济、安全、可靠的穿越方案,提出经济安全系数比的概念及计算原理。对隧道穿越超浅埋大偏压段的方案先进行设计,然后采用有限元强度折减法和相关定额计算出各方案的经济安全系数比,并结合数值模拟方法对3种典型穿越方案下的隧道围岩应力、洞室变形和初期支护应力等进行计算分析。经过综合对比,得出按反压法设计的穿越方案最优。该方案既有利于超浅埋大偏压隧道的整体稳定,又有利于减少工程造价。     

邯郸钢渣山公园景观规划设计

针对工业废弃地的环境改善问题,对废弃地保留下来的有价值的元素进行提炼,采用记忆的方式,运用生态技术方法,重拾工业历史,再现工业活力,提供一个为艺术家进行创意和市民休闲娱乐个性化的公园景观。     

低碳生态视角下的江苏省生态空间规划研究

选择影响江苏省城镇建设和发展的自然地理要素、自然灾害要素,考虑在城镇发展过程中亟需保护的自然生态要素,分析构建了"两片、两带、四廊、多核网状"的生态保育空间结构,其中"两片"主要指太湖及苏南丘陵山地点状发展地区生态保育区、洪泽湖周边及里下河生态保育区;"两带"主要指沿海滩涂生态保育带、沿江生态保护带;"四廊"主要指沿南水北调东线、江水东引(通榆河)两条清水通道和新沂河、淮河入海水道两条尾水通道(泄洪通道)及其两侧保护带,并对这些生态空间结构提出有针对性的生态建设措施。