Investigation of an adaptive sampling method for data interpolation using radial basis functions

An adaptive sampling method is presented for optimizing the location of data points in parameter space for multidimensional data interpolation. The method requires a small number of points to begin, and achieves a compromise between space‐filling updates and local refinement in areas where the data are nonlinear, as measured by the Laplacian. A smooth separation function quantifies the sample spacing, and this is blended with the Laplacian to form a criterion on which to assess potential new sample positions. Validation results are presented using two‐dimensional analytic test cases, which demonstrate that the method can recover known optimal designs and gives improvement over data‐independent approaches. In addition, a detailed analysis of the various model parameters is presented. Initial findings are very promising, and it is hoped that further work using the method to generate an aerodynamic database using CFD simulations will lead to a reduction in the number of points required for a given modelling accuracy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震荷载作用下水电站厂房结构的振动应力分析

结合三峡右岸电站某机组段建立了三维数值计算模型,采用有限元与无限元耦合系统模拟水电站厂房结构无限域地基问题并应用时间历程分析法进行地震荷载作用下的动力响应计算。在蜗壳结构外围混凝土发生塑性损伤的基础上,分析了电站厂房在地震动荷载激励下各部位混凝土结构、流道系统金属结构的振动应力峰值。结果表明,地震荷载作用下混凝土结构的振动应力水平较低,对混凝土动力强度复核影响不明显,流道系统金属结构的振动应力水平较低,不会发生因强度不足而引起的破坏。     

径向载荷下单壁碳纳米管振动频率分析

碳纳米管的基频对外载荷非常敏感.将碳纳米管作为微纳米应变/力传感器敏感元件时要求对基频和外载荷之间的关系进行深入的研究.在单壁碳纳米管分子结构力学模型的基础上,研究了径向载荷和单壁碳纳米管基频之间的关系.结果表明:基频随着径向拉力载荷的增加而线性增加,随着径向压力载荷的增加而线性减小,并且基频对压力载荷更加敏感.     

Load analysis of hydraulic‐pneumatic flywheel configurations integrated in a wind turbine rotor

In this paper, the impact on the mechanical loads of a wind turbine due to a previously proposed hydraulic‐pneumatic flywheel system is analysed. Load simulations are performed for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5‐MW wind turbine using fatigue, aerodynamics, structures, and turbulence (FAST). It is discussed why FAST is applied although it cannot simulate variable rotor inertia. Several flywheel configurations, which increase the rotor inertia of the 5‐MW wind turbine by 15%, are implemented in the 61.5‐m rotor blade. Load simulations are performed twice for each configuration: Firstly, the flywheel system is discharged, and secondly, the flywheel is charged. The change in ultimate and fatigue loads on the tower, the low speed shaft, and the rotor blades is juxtaposed for all flywheel configurations. As the blades are mainly affected by the flywheel system, the increase in ultimate and fatigue loads of the blade is evaluated. Simulation results show that the initial design of the flywheel system causes the lowest impact on the mechanical loads of the rotor blades although this configuration is the heaviest.     

A fast stochastic solution method for the Blade Element Momentum equations for long‐term load assessment

Unsteady power output and long‐term loads (extreme and fatigue) drive wind turbine design. However, these loads are difficult to include in optimization loops and are typically only assessed in a post‐optimization load analysis or via reduced‐order methods. Both alternatives yield suboptimal results. The reason for this difficulty lays in the deterministic approaches to long‐term loads assessment. To model the statistics of lifetime loads they require the analysis of many unsteady load cases, generated from many different random seeds—a computationally expensive procedure. In this paper, we present an alternative: a stochastic solution for the unsteady aerodynamic loads based on a projection of the unsteady Blade Element Momentum (BEM) equations onto a stochastic space spanned by chaos exponentials. This approach is similar to the increasingly popular polynomial chaos expansion, but with 2 major differences. First, the BEM equations constitute a random process, varying in time, while previous polynomial chaos expansion methods were concerned with random parameters (ie, random but constant in time or initial values). Second, a new, more efficient basis (the exponential chaos) is used. This new stochastic method enables us to obtain unsteady long‐term loads much faster, enabling unsteady loads to become accessible inside wind turbine optimization loops. In this paper we derive the stochastic BEM solution and present the most relevant results showing the accuracy of the new method.     

冻融循环作用下岩石疲劳损伤计算中关键问题的讨论

 利用疲劳损伤理论来研究冻融循环条件下岩石的损伤累积在理论上是可行的。主要分析冻融疲劳损伤模型在计算自然条件下岩石冻融损伤时面临的主要问题,包括复杂多变的自然条件下如何简化、近似冻融循环作用,如何选取合适的物理量来计算损伤变量,及如何计算多种机制作用下岩石的冻融损伤。经过分析认为：研究自然条件下的昼夜循环和年度循环对人类工程活动意义最大,根据岩石中饱和度的高低和岩石中未冻水迁移速率的快慢,可分别将昼夜循环和年度循环划分并等效为高周或低周疲劳荷载;冻融循环条件下岩石孔隙率的变化可直接反映冻融损伤的特征,利用缺陷面积和残余应变定义的损伤变量其本质是相同的,均可用孔隙率计算得来;建立冻融循环作用下砂岩的高周疲劳损伤模型和低周疲劳损伤模型,利用模型进行分析表明,在计算自然条件下岩石的冻融损伤时高周疲劳荷载的作用是不可忽略的,并且低周疲劳和高周疲劳荷载的作用顺序具有显著的影响。     

The map of energy flow in HVAC systems

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are the most energy consuming building services representing approximately half of the final energy use in the building sector and between one tenth and one fifth of the energy consumption in developed countries. Despite their significant energy use, there is a lack of a consistent and homogeneous framework to efficiently guide research and energy policies, mainly due to the complexity and variety of HVAC systems but also to insufficient rigour in their energy analysis. This paper reviews energy related aspects of HVAC systems with the aim of establishing a common ground for the analysis of their energy efficiency. The paper focuses on the map of energy flow to deliver thermal comfort: the HVAC energy chain. Our approach deals first with thermal comfort as the final service delivered to building occupants. Secondly, conditioned spaces are examined as the systems where useful heat (or coolth) is degraded to provide comfort. This is followed by the analysis of HVAC systems as complex energy conversion devices where energy carriers are transformed into useful heat and coolth, and finally, the impact of HVAC energy consumption on energy resources is discussed.     

A New Iterative Regularization Method for Solving the Dynamic Load Identification Problem

In this paper, a new iterative regularization method (ITR) is presented to solve the reconstruction of multi-source dynamic loads acting on the structure of simple supported plate. Based on a quadratical convergence method, this method is used to compute the the approximate inverse of square matrix. The theoretical proofs and numerical test show that the proposed method is very effective. Finally, the present method is applied to the identification of the multi-source dynamic loads on a surface of simply supported plate. Numerical simulations of two examples demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the present method.     

Ductility assessment of two-chord composite steel-concrete battened columns

The ductility of a column is one of the most important characteristics of a structure subjected to unexpected overloads, load reversals, blast loads or dynamic impacts. Structural ductile members are capable of dissipating large amounts of energy by undergoing large deformations before failure, hence providing early warning to the occupants of the building. Previous analyses conducted by the authors suggest that, in addition to the type of column (steel, reinforced concrete and composite steel–concrete), the applied measure of ductility as well as other factors (the materials used and the loading and boundary conditions) have a significant influence on a column’s ductility. This paper proposes a new approach to the analysis of the ductility of columns. This approach distinguishes between the column’s pre-peak, post-peak and total ductility, and develops ductility parameters based on the displacement and energy for each of these ductility types. Based on experimental and numerical research on two-chord composite steel–concrete columns subjected to vertical monotonic loads, the influence of concrete strength and batten plate spacing on the columns’ vertical ductility is evaluated. It is concluded that designing two-chord composite steel–concrete columns to have small batten plate spacing and a relatively low concrete strength class can maximise the vertical ductility.