A New Method for Identifying Osmotically Limited and Gel Layer Controlled Pressure Independent Flux in Ultrafiltration

An unequivocal determination of whether pressure independent flux regime is osmotically controlled or gel layer dominated, is still open for discussion in the membrane literature. The present work reports a method that could be used to address this issue. It is shown that analysis of post steady state transient filtration data leads to clear demarcation of osmotically limited and gel layer controlled filtration. The method proposed in this work can also be used to estimate the additional filtration resistance offered by the polarization layer to the permeate flow in macromolecular ultrafiltration and has been verified experimentally. It has also been shown that the polarization layer thickness is not sensitive to the feed pressure but varies as a function of the bulk solute concentration; higher the bulk concentration, thicker is the polarization layer.     

Optimising the dewatering behaviour of clay tailings through interfacial chemistry, orthokinetic flocculation and controlled shear

The effect of shear on dewatering behaviour and particle interactions of Na-exchanged smectite and kaolinite clay dispersions has been investigated at pH 7.5, using hydrolysable Ca(II) and Mn(II) ions as coagulants and high molecular weight anionic and non-ionic polyacrylamide (PAM A and PAM N, respectively) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) flocculants. Metal ion addition enhanced the flocculation performance by dramatically reducing the magnitude of the particle zeta potential and, in the case of smectite pulp, suppressing osmotic swelling. Under optimum orthokinetic flocculation conditions of controlled agitation rate and duration, PAM A and PEO-based flocs settled faster than those of PAM N whilst kaolinite pulps produced higher sedimentation rates than smectite pulps. The settling rates are nearly an order of magnitude greater than those observed under standard flocculant-pulp mixing/flocculation methods of inversion and plunging. The difference in the flocculant behaviour is attributed to the more expanded conformation of PAM A and PEO polymer chains in contrast to PAM N, whilst the lower yield stresses, reflecting inter-particle bridging and floc network structure strength that are conducive to faster clarification, were displayed by kaolinite pulps. Following shear, similar consolidation enhancement of ≈ 5-7 wt.% solid for both pulps was achieved at an optimum agitation range of 100-200 rpm. This was accompanied by decreased yield stress in the case of PAM A-based pulps, indicating non-reversible disruption of polymer mediated particle and floc network structure. In contrast, the yield stresses of PAM N and PEO flocculated dispersions indicated similar and stronger particle interactions, respectively, upon consolidation following shear. The findings show clear links between effect of shear, interfacial chemistry and polymer structure on pulp particle interactions and dewaterability.     

多菌灵·硫·三环唑混配对抑制水稻稻瘟病菌和纹枯病菌的协同增效作用

多菌灵、硫及三环唑混配成悬浮剂,对抑制稻瘟病菌的菌丝生长、分生孢子萌发、附着胞的形成、产孢能力及纹枯病菌菌丝生长等都具有较明显的协同增效作用,协同作用比率(SR)分别为1.64、5.58、4.30、1.81及1.73。混配剂集合了多菌灵、硫及三环唑的优点,并显示出耐雨水冲刷、持效期长的特点。田间试验亦表明其防病增产作用比较显著。     

The Yield Stress of Gas/Liquid/Fibre Suspensions

Yield stress measurements of gas/liquid/fibre suspensions, were conducted to examine the effect of gas concentration as well as fibre concentration. Obtaining a well mixed stable pulp suspension with gas was difficult. A transparent model system consisting of glass fibres submersed in refractive index matched liquid gave stable suspensions and had the additional advantage of allowing visual observations. The measurements were performed in a baffled shear tester and concentrations were in the range of 0–12.5% vol. gas and 8–14% wt. fibres. Results show that yield stress decreases with increasing gas fraction for constant fibre concentrations. Since the fibre concentration is defined in the liquid phase, the amount of fibres decreases with increasing gas concentration. This fact alone partly explains the decrease in yield stress, but the gas also has a direct impact on the decrease in yield stress. Further, as expected, the yield stress increases with increasing fibre concentrations when the gas fraction is kept constant.     

Discrete-continual model of flame propagation in a gas suspension of metal particles. I. One-dimensional approximation

Experimental data on combustion of magnesium particles in oxygen-containing gas mixtures are analyzed and generalized, which allowed us to develop a semi-empirical mathematical model that takes into account the integral effect of the initial particle size, pressure, and velocity of the oxidizing flow on combustion. Flame propagation in an air suspension of fine magnesium particles is considered in a one-dimensional approximation. For this purpose, a discrete-continual model of flame propagation in a gas suspension of metal particles is developed. The flammability limits in a vessel, caused by heat losses into the ambient medium and by spatial nonuniformity of the distribution of disperse-phase particles, are numerically determined, and the influence of nonuniformity and bidispersion of a one-dimensional ensemble of particles on flame characteristics is studied.__________Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 81–93, March–April, 2005.     

氟树脂性能与加工应用(续10)

介绍了聚四氟乙烯悬浮树脂成型加工有关的物理性能,树脂的成型加工及选用方法.分别叙述了模压成型、自动模压成型和液压成型的原理、过程及设备.     

40%戊唑醇·多菌灵水悬浮剂的研制

介绍了农药悬浮剂发展、加工及实验理论依据,采用优化组合法对几种阴离子和非离子表面活性剂的复配体系及其它助剂进行了筛选,对40%戊唑醇·多菌灵水悬浮剂的配方进行了研究,并确定了配制方法和最佳配方组成:戊唑醇20%,多菌灵20%,宁乳34#4.8%,脱糖木质素磺酸钠1.2%,增稠剂(黄原胶∶硅酸镁铝质量比为1∶10)3.2%,乙二醇3%,正辛醇0.1%,水47.7%。实验结果表明,用乳化剂34#、分散剂脱糖木质素磺酸钠、复配增稠剂,采用湿法研磨,该产品悬浮率90%以上,热贮[(54±2)℃,14d]分解率小于5%,产品各项指标符合悬浮剂的要求。     

工业聚合反应装置—Ⅶ.悬浮聚合反应器（下）

讨论了悬浮聚合反应器的放大问题及计算机控制技术，介绍了具有预分散器的悬浮聚合反应器和连续悬浮聚合反应器。     

纳米Cu分散稳定性能影响因素及作用机理研究

鉴于粉体分散对纳米流体强化传热具有重要意义,通过测定纳米Cu-水悬浮液的Zeta电位和吸光度,探讨了不同pH值、不同分散剂种类及质量分数对纳米Cu-水悬浮液分散稳定性的影响,并分析其作用机理。结果表明:Zeta电位绝对值与吸光度有良好的对应关系,Zeta电位绝对值越高,吸光度越大,则体系分散稳定性越好;pH值、分散剂种类及加入量是影响纳米Cu-水悬浮液分散稳定性的主要因素。pH值为9.5左右时,体系Zeta电位绝对值和吸光度较高,相应分散稳定性较好。CTAB和SDBS能显著提高水溶液中Cu表面Zeta电位绝对值,增大了颗粒间静电排斥力,改善了悬浮液稳定性,而TX-10通过空间位阻在颗粒表面形成良好的水化膜,提高了Cu在水溶液中的分散稳定性。在质量分数为0.1%的纳米Cu-水悬浮液中,TX-10,CTAB,SDBS 3种分散剂加入质量分数分别为0.43%,0.05%,0.07%时,均能得到分散稳定的悬浮液体系。     

EVA悬浮填料的制备及硝化反应的研究

用活性炭填充弹性高发泡乙烯／醋酸乙烯共聚物颗粒制备新型悬浮填料，在悬浮填料移动床工艺中为微生物提供附着生长的载体。载体具有通孔结构，从表面到内部形成不同溶解氧梯度，在反应器内发生同时硝化反硝化反应（SND）。研究表明，当双螺杆挤出温度为185℃、交联剂过氧化二异丙苯为1％（质量分数，下同）、发泡剂偶氮二甲酰氨为1．5％、活性炭为18％时，填料密度和空隙率分别达到0．85g／mL和60％。在复合式生物反应器中处理模拟生活污水，发生SND的工艺条件为：溶解氧（DO）为2．0～2．2mg／L，碳氮比（COD／YH4^＋-N，简写为C／N）为30，水力停留时间为5h。