Piezoelectric cable macro‐fiber composites for use in energy harvesting

Piezoelectric cable is a commercial electronic sensor that incorporates the piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride. This paper investigated a potential application of piezoelectric cable for energy harvesting. A method for testing the electrical output using the tensile load was developed and used to determine the output properties of the cable. A design for a piezoelectric cable fiber composite is presented, along with recommendations for potential applications and further research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermally stable cellular poly(vinylidene) ferroelectrets: Optimization of CO2 driven inflation process

Electrically charged cellular ferroelectrets can show excellent thermally stable piezoelectric activity and are therefore progressively used in electrochemical transducers. Given that an optimized cellular structure is a key for improving charge density and the associated piezoelectric properties in this material, we investigated the influence of CO₂ inflation treatment using various gas diffusion expansion or inflation procedures on the piezoelectric d₃₃ coefficient and thermal stability of cellular poly(vinylidene) ferroelectrets and compare with the results (partially) obtained by N₂ inflation as reported in our previous study (Jahan, Mighri, Rodrigue, Ajji, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47540). Samples were prepared using the conventional extrusion–stretching–inflation–corona charging method. Maximum d₃₃ coefficient for CO₂-inflated samples is found to be around 30% higher than that of N₂-inflated samples (327 pC/N compared to 251 pC/N) by stepwise pressure application method. The key parameters addressed in the inflation procedures are the changes in sample thickness, morphology, and the void-height distribution in both gas treatments. The ferroelectrets show excellent thermal stability for up to 4 days at 90, 110, and 120 °C in both treatments with a slightly improved performance in CO₂ gas. The higher activation energy of CO₂-inflated samples (0.52 eV) than the N₂-inflated ones (0.43 eV) further confirms the stability data. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47929.     

GO/膨润土/PVDF复合膜的制备及性能研究

为了提高聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜的疏水性和抗生物污染性能,以氧化石墨烯(GO)和膨润土为改性材料制备PVDF复合膜,并对其进行膜通量、截留率、拉伸强度、亲水性、孔隙率及抗生物污染性能研究。结果表明,当GO添加量为0.6%,复合膜的各项性能达到最佳;添加膨润土可以提高复合膜亲水性、拉伸强度、膜通量和截留率,但会导致孔隙率有所下降。此外,还以铜绿假单胞菌为研究对象,研究了复合膜的抗生物污染和抑菌性能,结果表明,复合膜的生物污染过程明显降低,且细菌生长缓慢,说明复合膜具有减缓生物污染的作用,具有一定的抑菌性。     

串联发射弹丸内弹道力学特性测试方法研究

针对小口径高射频串联发射弹丸的内弹道力学特性测试问题,提出了基于弹载存储测试技术的弹底压力、弹前压力同步测试方法。设计了模拟弹和小型聚偏二氟乙烯(polyvinylidene difluoride, PVDF)压电式力传感器,将力传感器作为底螺与头螺部件承受并测量弹底压力与弹前压力,在发射过载条件下进行了传感器力学分析并推导了受力与输出的关系方程;分析了传力块的质量、厚度,PVDF薄膜的厚度、面积对传感器动态特性和温升的影响;进行了力传感器灵敏度理论建模与分析并开展了标定试验。结果表明,PVDF薄膜预紧力越大,传感器灵敏度越小。开展了串联发射试验,测试结果和内弹道数值模拟计算结果吻合较好。     

基于PVDF压电传感器的采摘机械手研究

针对目前果实采摘机械手无法准确自主判断抓取力度的问题,利用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)的压电敏感特性,研究出一种基于PVDF压电薄膜传感器的果实采摘机械手。通过采集PVDF压电薄膜传感器输出信号判断果实采摘机械手对应抓取力的变化,利用模糊控制理论控制电机实现果实抓取。同时加入过力保护功能,当测得的抓取力大于预设值时,机械手停止抓取。实验结果表明,基于PVDF压电传感器的采摘机械手能够可靠地实现果实抓取。     

非接触PVDF压电悬臂梁风能收集系统特性研究

设计了一款由聚偏氟乙烯高聚物(PVDF)三角形压电梁、永磁体和环形基座所构成的非接触式压电风能收集系统,并研究了该系统的风能收集特性。首先分析了系统中单个拥磁梁振动时所受的激励,得到其波形为周期性三角波;其次,通过有限元仿真分析可知,当激励频率和拥磁梁的一阶固有频率相同时,其输出功率最大,并由实验得知,单梁工作系统适用于风速小于3.2m/s的环境,测得工作中的风速为2.8m/s时,激励频率近似拥磁梁的固有频率(为17.4Hz),系统获得的最大输出功率为12.4μW。最后,利用夹持长度可调的多个拥磁梁所连接成的阵列,实现了拓宽系统风速范围的目的,并以夹持长度不同的4个梁实验为例,验证了系统在风能收集时风速的工作范围为2.80～5.25m/s,对应的平均功率为13.6μW。     

热处理对PVDF复合体系形态及性能的影响

利用ＤＳＣ、ＷＡＸＤ和ＳＥＭ等测试手段，研究了不同热处理条件下聚偏二氯乙烯合金／炭黑导电复合体系的结晶形态及正温度系数效应特性。结果表明，热处理可以改善基体结晶行为。使结晶度提高，从而使导电复合体系的室温电阻率下降、ＰＴＣ强度提高、ＰＴＣ曲线的重复稳定性变好。     

A two dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopic study on the structure changes of PVDF during the melting process

Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) correlation spectroscopy was applied to study the conformation change during poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) melting process. The absorption spectral changes are observed with increasing temperature. These observed changes in IR spectra might be attributed to three kinds of PVDF components: α-PVDF, β-PVDF, and amorphous component. 2D IR correlation analysis indicates that during melting process three kinds of PVDF component change asynchronously: above all, the amorphous component relaxes its molecule chains, and then the β-PVDF transfers to amorphous component, finally the α-PVDF transfers to amorphous component.     

Tailoring bulk and surface grafting of poly(acrylic acid) in electron-irradiated PVDF

Endowing conventional hydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films with hydrophilic properties was conducted using electron beam irradiation. Grafting of acrylic acid (AA) in/onto pre-irradiated PVDF films was investigated. Reaction parameters, monomer concentration and inhibitor concentration were examined. Radiation grafted films (PVDF-g-PAA) were synthesized with various grafting yields ranging from 12 to 130 wt % in presence of Mohr's salt (25 wt %). Below 80 wt % of monomer concentration, the degree of swelling was found to increase with the grafting yield. The PAA was arranged randomly in all PVDF matrix (grafting through). Above 80 wt % of monomer concentration, the PAA was grafted only onto the surface of PVDF films leading to a highly dense layer of PAA. Grafting through or surface grafting processes were achieved by varying the water fraction in the initial monomer solution. Water molecule acts not only as a carrier for the monomer but also as a plasticizer expanding the film in the three dimensions. Evidences of grafting through and surface grafting were produced using FTIR in ATR mode, SEM coupled to X-ray detection and XPS. An accurate quantification of AA units was possible up to the micromole via a Cu²⁺–EDTA complex analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy.     

Spatio-temporal growth of broken spiral and concentric ringed spherulites in blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers

Melting and crystallization behavior in mixtures of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and several ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVAc) with various ethylene contents have been investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscope, and optical microscopy. PVDF/EVAc-80 exhibits the melting point depression of PVDF crystals, suggestive of a miscible character of the pair. Crystallization behavior and morphology development in blends of PVDF/EVAc-80 have been investigated with an emphasis on the spherulitic growth demonstrating the spiral and concentric ringed (or target) patterns. Of particular interest is the break-up of the spiral or concentric ringed patterns at very shallow supercoolings, which may be attributed to instabilities driven by the exclusion of amorphous PVDF and EVAc chains into the emerging inter- and intra-spiral (or target) lamellar regions.