Analysis of the influence of free ammonia on the accumulation of nitrite in the nitrite nitrification system

Low- and high-concentration nitric wastewater can induce stable nitrite accumulation and realize the nitrification system, with the nitrite accumulation rate between 50% and 90%. In the low-concentration nitrite nitrification system, the average FA concentrations during the period of stable nitrite accumulation remained at 7 to 10 mg/L. In the high-concentration nitrite nitrification system, the nitrogen oxidation activity will not be affected by biomass, the nitrite oxidation activity is related to the system biomass, it is recommended to be measured by FA/MLSS. Keeping the FA sludge load below 0.1 is the precondition of making good nitrite accumulation and nitrogen degradation rate. Nitrite oxidation bacteria cannot be totally eliminated or washed out from the system.     

Bloom forming species of phytoplankton in two coastal waters in the Southeast coast of India

The results of an investigation carried out during June 2005 to May 2007 on bloom-forming phytoplankton species composition and abundance in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters(Southeast coast of India) are reported.Air and surface water temperatures(℃) varied from 25.1 to 30.1 and 24.5 to 28.5,respectively,in the former waters and from 25.5 to 31.2 and 25.0 to 29.3 in the latter waters.The respective salinities varied from 6.0 to 28.5 and 5.0 to 33.1 and the respective pH ranged between 7.0 and 8.3 and 7.2 and 8.3.Correspondingly,the dissolved oxygen content varied from 3.1 to 7.5 and 3.1 to 7.9 mgL-1 while the light extinction coefficient(LEC) values ranged between 3.1 and 10.1 and 1.8 and 11.0.The content ranges of inorganic nutrients,i.e.,nitrate,nitrite,phosphate and silicate(μmolL-1),in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters were:6.5-27.0;1.0-8.9;0.1-3.0 and 15.0-140 and 10.1-23.4;1.2-8.9;0.2-3.1 and 55-125 respectively.The chlorophyll a contents in both waters ranged from 2.0-7.5 μgL-1.Presently,124 phytoplankton species representing different classes were recorded in the Coleroon coast,viz,Bacillariophyceae(77);Dinophyceae(19);Cyanophyceae(15);Chlorophyceae(10) and Chrysophyceae(3),whereas 117 phytoplankton species were recorded in the Parangipettai coast,viz,Bacillariophyceae(66);Dinophyceae(22);Cyanophyceae(19);Chlorophyceae(7) and Chrysophyceae(3).The phytoplankton cell abundance in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters varied from 290 to 111662 and 140 to 132 757 cells L-1,respectively,with peak diversity(3.38 and 3.52 bits ind-1.) recorded in summer.The maximum abundance occurred in summer coinciding with the stable hydrographical conditions.The seasonal distribution and abundance of phytoplankton are discussed in relation to hydrographical parameters.Totally 31 and 24 species of phytoplankton were found to be bloom-forming in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters,respectively.Presently Trichodesmium bloom was also observed,which appeared at the 10 fathom level of the coastal water and quickly spread to the marine zone of the Vellar estuary and near the mouth region of the mangrove waters.The Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters are subject to long term fluctuations in physico-chemical conditions depending upon the seasonal tidal range and freshwater influx,resulting in a continuous exchange of organic,inorganic,plant and animal matters.     

小清河口春季亚硝酸盐偏高问题探讨

2008年春季对莱州湾小清河口的走航调查发现,调查区域大部分水体的DOC,CODMn,NH4+-N,PO43--P高于4类海水的限定值,处于严重污染状态。水体CHla的浓度范围在1.02~37.92μg/L之间,但DO饱和度却在23%~96%之间,盐度小于15水体的DO饱和度低于50%,水体缺氧严重。河口存在NO2--N含量偏高现象。由河口向外,NO2--N浓度逐渐增加,至盐度24.4的水体达到0.27 mg/L的高值,NO2--N增加主要是NH4+-N的硝化反应产生的。NH4+-N生成NO2--N主要受DO和NH4+-N比例与浓度的影响,DO饱和度在30%~70%,NH4+-N大于3.33 mg/L的水体中NO2--N生成速率最快。     

气水比对曝气生物滤池处理微污染水的影响

以广州某水厂微污染源水为处理对象,考察了气水比对曝气生物滤池去除水中污染物效果的影响。试验结果表明:随着气水比的增大,滤池水中溶解氧含量逐渐上升,但增加幅度越来越小,在本试验温度条件下,滤池水中溶解氧饱和溶解度大概在4.5～6.0 mg/L范围之间;气水比对氨氮和CODMn去除率影响较大,随着气水比的增大,氨氮和CODMn去除率逐渐上升,但去除率增加幅度越来越小;气水比对亚硝酸盐氮去除率影响不大,随着气水比的增大,亚硝酸盐氮去除率缓慢升高。本试验能给水厂工艺改造的可行性和有效性提供依据。     

Tolerance of ciliated protozoan Paramecium bursaria （Protozoa,Ciliophora） to ammonia and nitrites

The tolerance to ammonia and nitrites in freshwater ciliate Paramecium bursaria was measured in a conventional open system. The ciliate was exposed to different concentrations of ammonia and nitrites for 2h and 12h in order to determine the lethal concentrations. Linear regression analysis revealed that the 2h-LC50 value for ammonia was 95.94 mg/L and for nitrite 27.35 mg/L using probit scale method (with 95% confidence intervals). There was a linear correlation between the mortality probit scale and logarithmic concentration of ammonia which fit by a regression equation y=7.32x-9.51 (R^2=0.98; y, mortality probit scale; x, logarithmic concentration of ammonia), by which 2 h-LC50 value for ammonia was found to be 95.50 mg/L. A linear correlation between mortality probit scales and logarithmic concentration of nitrite is also followed the regression equation y=2.86x 0.89 (R^2=0.95; y, mortality probit scale; x, logarithmic concentration of nitrite). The regression analysis of toxicity curves showed that the linear correlation between exposed time of ammonia-N LC50 valueand ammonia-N LC50 value followed the regression equation y=2 862.85e-0.08x (R^2=0.95; y, duration of exposure to LC50 value; x, LC50 value), and that between exposed time of nitrite-N LC50 value and nitrite-N LC50 value followed the regression equation y = 127.15e-0.13x (R^2=0.91; y, exposed time of LC50 value; x, LC50 value). The results demonstrate that the tolerance to ammonia in P. bursaria is considerably higher than that of the larvae or juveniles of some metozoa, e.g. cultured prawns and oysters. In addition, ciliates, as bacterial predators, are likely to play a positive role in maintaining and improving water quality in aquatic environments with high-level ammonium, such as sewage treatment systems.     

海洋前沿

既耗氧又能产氧的古菌氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizing archaea)是海洋中最丰富的一个微生物群,能促进海洋的氮循环。它们主要通过将氨氧化为亚硝酸盐来获得能量,这个过程需要氧气。然而,此前的研究发现,很多氨氧化古菌能生活在缺氧的环境中,其具体的生存方式尚不清楚。     

氨氮和亚硝酸盐对斜带石斑鱼苗的急性毒性效应

研究了水温(25±0.5)℃,盐度30~31,pH值7.9~8.1,溶解氧4.5~5.5 mg/L条件下氨氮和亚硝酸盐对不同规格斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)苗的急性毒性效应。试验结果表明,氨氮对平均全长4.4cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为5.62、3.50、2.93、2.68及0.27 mg/L,对应的非离子氨及安全质量浓度分别为0.23、0.14、0.12、0.11及0.011 mg/L;氨氮对平均全长10.5 cm斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为58.6、56.2、53.3、51.4及5.13 mg/L,对应的非离子氨及安全质量浓度分别为2.41、2.32、2.20、2.12及0.21 mg/L;亚硝酸盐对全长4.4 cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为288.4、281.8、270.4、267.3及26.7 mg/L;亚硝酸盐对全长10.5 cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为354.8、346.7、280.5、208.4及20.8 mg/L。     

长江口流域亚硝酸盐预测模型与分析

营养盐是控制长江口流域富营养化的关键因子之一。分析亚硝酸盐与其影响因子之间关系,引入人工智能方法,基于弹性BP神经网络,建立亚硝酸盐非线性预测模型,目的是通过影响因子在线监测,间接实现亚硝酸盐在线监测。依据神经网络权值和阈值获取方法不同,形成基于弹性BP神经网络、基于遗传算法和弹性BP神经网络,和基于改进的遗传算法和弹性BP神经网络的亚硝酸盐预测模型3种。通过仿真实验,分析3种模型对亚硝酸盐预测的影响,发现基于改进的自适应遗传算法和弹性BP神经网络的亚硝酸盐模型预测效果最优,为选择合适模型提供依据。     

亚硝酸盐胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺抗氧化酶、热休克蛋白和组织蛋白酶B基因表达量的影响

用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究在20 mg/L亚硝酸盐胁迫下,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肝胰腺中锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和硫氧还蛋白(TRx)等抗氧化相关酶以及热休克蛋白HSP70、组织蛋白酶B(CTSB)的基因表达量变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,在胁迫24 h时Mn-SOD基因表达量显著升高,CAT基因表达量在12~48 h升高,GPx基因表达量在24和48 h时升高,TRx基因表达量24 h时升高,而后在48和72 h时降低,Hsp70基因表达量在48和72 h时升高,CTSB基因表达量在48 h和72 h时升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在亚硝酸盐胁迫下,抗氧化酶相关基因、Hsp70和CTSB基因的表达量均被显著诱导进行免疫防御,4种抗氧化相关基因和Hsp70、CTSB基因对亚硝酸盐胁迫敏感度不同,在抗亚硝酸盐胁迫过程中有一定协同作用。