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An integrated process based on simultaneous solid-liquid extraction and liquid membrane separation is proposed for recovery and isolation of valuable species from botanicals. This integration provides complete exhausting of the solid material even in the case of very low solubility of the specified solute in the extracting solvent. Selectivity of the liquid membrane ensures a preferential transport of the desired solute from the native extract into the strip solution, while the other co-extracted species remain predominantly in the native extract. 相似文献
84.
A discrete-time, model-based output feedback control structure for nonlinear processes is developed in the present work. The structure makes use of a closed-loop observer, while at the same time it guarantees that the overall feedback controller possesses integral action. An algebraic transformation is applied on the observer states to insure that the input/output gain of the observer matches the model upon which the static state feedback control law is based. The resulting control algorithm is a two-degree-of-freedom control law, in the sense that the output and the set point are processed in different ways. The control structure is shown not only to have the same properties as the standard model-state feedback structure, but also that it emerges from a model algorithmic control framework. Finally, a simulation example using an exothermic CSTR operating at an open-loop unstable steady state is used to evaluate the closed-loop performance of the proposed method. 相似文献
85.
Th. Pretorius G. Habedank J. Woitschig F. Vollertsen 《Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik》2006,37(1):85-91
Thermal treatments of steel components with the goal of hardening often result in distortion by releasing the residual stresses which were brought into the specimen during the preceding processing steps. The goal of the presented work is the minimization of this distortion. By generating definite residual stress fields and investigating the resulting distortion, the distortion mechanism can be observed in detail. A flexible and reproducible way to generate such residual stress fields inside a specimen is by means of local thermal treatment with a laser beam. Computer simulations as well as experiments were carried out using an idealized tooth of a gearwheel (finger sample) as a model system. The deformation of the samples due to the laser heat treatment and the stress fields generated inside the samples were determined with respect to different process parameters. 相似文献
86.
Process optimisation and optimal control of batch and continuous drum granulation processes are studied in this paper. The main focus of the current research has been: (i) construction of optimisation and control relevant, population balance models through the incorporation of moisture content, drum rotation rate and bed depth into the coalescence kernels; (ii) investigation of optimal operational conditions using constrained optimisation techniques; (iii) development of optimal control algorithms based on discretized population balance equations; and (iv) comprehensive simulation studies on optimal control of both batch and continuous granulation processes. The objective of steady state optimisation is to minimise the recycle rate with minimum cost for continuous processes. It has been identified that the drum rotation-rate, bed depth (material charge), and moisture content of solids are practical decision (design) parameters for system optimisation. The objective for the optimal control of batch granulation processes is to maximize the mass of product-sized particles with minimum time and binder consumption. The objective for the optimal control of the continuous process is to drive the process from one steady state to another in a minimum time with minimum binder consumption, which is also known as the state-driving problem. It has been known for some time that the binder spray-rate is the most effective control (manipulative) variable. Although other possible manipulative variables, such as feed flow-rate and additional powder flow-rate have been investigated in the complete research project, only the single input problem with the binder spray rate as the manipulative variable is addressed in the paper to demonstrate the methodology. It can be shown from simulation results that the proposed models are suitable for control and optimisation studies, and the optimisation algorithms connected with either steady state or dynamic models are successful for the determination of optimal operational conditions and dynamic trajectories with good convergence properties. 相似文献
87.
Transformations in machining. Part 1. enhancement of wavelet transformation neural network (WT-NN) combination with a preprocessor 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
X. Wang P. Chen I.N. Tansel Yenilmez A 《International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture》2006,46(1):36-42
Properly selected transformation methods obtain the most significant characteristics of metal cutting data efficiently and simplify the classification. Wavelet Transformation (WT) and Neural Networks (NN) combination was used to classify the experimental cutting force data of milling operations previously. Preprocessing (PreP) of the approximation coefficients of the WT is proposed just before the classification by using the Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART2) type NNs. Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used to estimate the weights of each coefficient of the PreP. The WT-PreP-NN (ART2) combination worked at lower vigilances by creating only a few meaningful categories without any errors. The WT-NN (ART2) combination could obtain the same error rate only if very high vigilances are used and many categories are allowed. 相似文献
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多元函数可微性的一个注记 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
给出了Henle定理的简单证明,并指出该定理在n≥3时不再成立,进而又给出了一个当n≥3时,函数z=f(x1,x2,…,xn)在点M0可微的定理及其证明。 相似文献
90.
周慧兰 《中国制造业信息化》2006,35(9):65-68
利用零件的相似性原理对零件分组是派生式CAPP系统的重要内容,对零件的分组是否合理,直接影响到派生式CAPP系统能否正常运行。阐述了排序聚类分析算法在生产流程分析法中的工作原理,分析了利用该算法实现零件分组的实现过程,并用示例验证了该算法。 相似文献