Assessment of space debris collisions against spacecraft with deorbit devices

Deorbit methods have been employed to remove space debris from orbit. One of these methods is to utilize atmospheric drag. In this method, a membrane loaded into the spacecraft is expanded to increase atmospheric drag. Although this method works without requiring fuel, it has the disadvantage of a high risk of collision with other debris owing to its larger area. Area-time product and energy-to-mass ratio have been used as indices to evaluate the risk of collisions between spacecraft and debris. However, the evaluation criteria were uncertain because these two indices are independent. In this paper, we propose a new evaluation index, single-sheet collision factor (SSCF), that comprehensively evaluates the collision risk based on experiments simulating debris collisions. As a result of the hypervelocity collision experiment, we found that the penetration-area mass of the spacecraft affects the severity of debris collisions. In this paper, the product of the exterior-wall thickness, the exterior-wall density, and the space debris cross-sectional area defines the penetration-area mass of the spacecraft. Furthermore, we compare and evaluate various deorbit methods using SSCF. The comparison showed that the penetration-area mass of the SSCF could be quantitatively determined for the debris-collision severity due to difference in structural materials of spacecraft. SSCF will be used to create rules for space-environment conservation with the expansion of the space-development market.     

疏水/超疏水表面防/除冰原理及其研究进展

液体防冰、电热防冰、气热防冰、机械除冰等传统的防/除冰技术具有显著的防/除冰效果,但存在消耗能源大、防冰时间有限以及除冰不彻底等问题,而基于疏水/超疏水表面的防/除冰技术则具有独特的优势。本文首先阐述了利用疏水表面和超疏水表面防/除冰的原理及其影响因素;然后,总结了常用的疏水表面和超疏水表面在防/除冰中存在的问题,并指出利用液滴的反弹特性可更加有效地抑制结冰;最后,提出未来有必要对撞击液滴的动力学过程、传热过程和结冰过程的耦合特性进行系统研究,进而为利用液滴的反弹特性抑制结冰提供一定的理论指导。     

飞机结构强度试验应急载荷限定系统

多轮多支柱起落架飞机主起落架数量较多，试验机及试验设备重量大。试验应急卸载时，试验件和设备重量、以及加载过程中试验件变形所聚集能量快速释放的不协调性易对支持点结构产生较大冲击载荷，且该载荷不可控，影响试验的考核，存在安全隐患。针对多轮多支柱起落架飞机的强度试验要求，设计一种载荷限定系统。在应急卸载或者试验停试情况下，能够为非支持点起落架输出设定载荷，保证应急瞬间所产生的所有载荷按要求分配到所有起落架上，从而防止支持点起落架超载；试验过程中，能够对非支持点起落架施加试验主动载荷。利用仿真软件验证了系统原理的可行性。依据原理设计载荷限定系统，对其结构和工作性能进行应用验证，并在某型飞机全机疲劳试验中进行应用调试，结果表明，该系统完全能够满足试验要求。     

镍基高温合金紧凑拉伸试样侧槽优选研究及试验

为了获得平直的紧凑拉伸(Compact Tension,CT)试件裂纹扩展前缘,对带侧槽CT试样的侧槽进行参数化表征,采用有限元方法研究侧槽对裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响规律,对CT试样的侧槽进行优选。获得了使CT试样裂纹尖端应力强度因子沿厚度方向方差小于0.1(MPa·m1/2)2的侧槽形状。与标准CT试件裂纹扩展试验对比,结果表明,优选的带侧槽CT试件沿厚度方向裂纹扩展更为均匀,方差为标准CT试件的30%。为了研究电位法经验公式计算带侧槽CT试样裂纹长度的适用性,进行了对比分析。结果表明,对于带侧槽CT试件,利用非线性公式计算的裂纹长度与试验结果误差最小,不超过0.7%。优选侧槽CT试样裂纹扩展更平直;电位法测量带侧槽CT试件裂纹长度,非线性公式计算裂纹长度的误差更小。     

Possible nutrient limiting factor in long term operation of closed aquatic ecosystem

To investigate nutrient limitation effect on the community metabolism of closed aquatic ecosystem and possible nutrient limiting factors in the experimental food chains, depletion of inorganic chemicals including carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous was tested. A closed aquatic ecosystem lab module consisting of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Daphnia magna and associated unidentified microbes was established. Closed ecological systems receive no carbon dioxide; therefore, we presumed carbon as a first limiting factor. The results showed that the algae population in the nutrient saturated group was statistically higher than that in the nutrient limited groups, and that the chlorophyll a content of algae in the phosphorus limited group was the highest among the limited groups. However, the nitrogen limited group supported the most Daphnia, followed by the carbon limited group, the nutrient saturated group and the phosphorus limited group. Redundancy analysis showed that the total phosphorus contents were correlated significantly with the population of algae, and that the amount of soluble carbohydrate as feedback of nutrient depletion was correlated with the number of Daphnia. Thus, these findings suggest that phosphorus is the limiting factor in the operation of closed aquatic ecosystem. The results presented herein have important indications for the future construction of long term closed ecological system.     

匀速俯仰运动及角速率对横向喷流的影响

为研究运动对横向喷流干扰特性的影响，数值模拟了导弹模型匀速俯仰运动过程的超声速横向喷流，获取了运动状态下的横向喷流干扰量，并对比分析了俯仰运动和角速率对喷口附近流场结构、模型表面极限流线、表面压力分布和子午线压力变化及气动特性和干扰放大因子造成的影响。结果表明：模拟参数范围内，动态及角速率影响随运动方向及迎角范围而发生变化；中小迎角时主要影响上游分离区和尾部偏折效应，大迎角时弓形激波位置变化显著；俯仰运动的气动特性和横向喷流干扰特性出现动态迟滞，且随角速率增加而增强；动态大迎角下由于压力平台效应减弱，其力矩放大因子受俯仰运动影响更为明显，出现偏离静态的不利结果。     

碳纤维模量的结构相关性理论研究及验证

从模量的基本理论出发,推导了碳纤维类石墨微晶模量与其结构参数所存在的函数关系。结果表明:碳纤维微晶模量受形状因子和取向角的协同影响:随着形状因子的增大,碳纤维微晶模量先快速上升后缓慢下降,而随着取向角的减小,微晶模量增加。利用X射线衍射的方法,测定了碳纤维的取向角和形状因子,进而得到碳纤维的计算模量,与实测的碳纤维模量基本接近,验证了模量理论分析的适用性。     

民用飞机外翼与中央翼下壁板对接形式

飞机外翼与中央翼的对接结构承担着传递外翼载荷到中机身和中央翼的重任。本文首先梳理了先进民用客机的下壁板对接形式,然后给出了不同下壁板对接结构的设计要点,最后分析了典型机型下壁板对接结构的传力特性,指出下壁板结构的材料类型会影响对接结构的设计。     

基于最差件等寿命曲线的桨轴高低周复合疲劳寿命分析

以Goodman曲线为基础,构造了考虑应力集中系数和疲劳极限强度分散系数影响的最差件等寿命曲线,然后基于最差件等寿命曲线建立了桨轴高低周复合疲劳寿命分析方法,用于预测桨轴的安全寿命,并给出了预测方法的适用范围为低周103～105次循环。采用此方法对两种载荷下的某型航空发动机桨轴进行了高低周复合疲劳寿命预测,并与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明:基于最差件等寿命曲线的桨轴高低周复合疲劳寿命分析方法成功预测一组安全寿命低于低周1 000次循环的载荷,且另一组载荷预测结果也与试验结果相吻合,预测方法是可行的。      

基于比例风险模型的环境折合系数确定方法

研究了环境因素对产品可靠性的影响,给出了一种综合利用变环境试验数据的环境折合系数确定方法.利用比例风险模型来描述可靠性与环境因素的关系,给出了环境因素对产品可靠性影响的定量度量.基于该模型给出了常用寿命分布下的环境折合系数的统计推断方法.针对复杂环境,采用广义比例风险模型用于度量不同环境因素之间对可靠性的交互作用.利用径向基函数法来拟合该模型,并对模型进行了优化.计算实例表明:该方法合理可行,便于工程应用.