京蒙沙源区水库大气氮沉降变化特征及源解析

以京蒙沙源区大河口水库为研究对象,于2017年1月~12月对水库周围布设的12个大气沉降监测站点收集样品144个,测定大气干、湿沉降物中TN浓度,计算大气总氮干、湿沉降通量,分析大气TN干、湿沉降污染特征及季节性变化特征.另选取水库周边不同典型地块,布设14个采样点采集样品76个,测定土壤δ¹⁵N-TN含量水平,解析水库大气氮沉降主要来源,并借助HYSPLIT4气团后向轨迹模型分析各季节不同类型气团输移营养盐对大河口水库的影响.结果表明：水库全年大气TN干沉降通量变化范围为122.44~425.64kg/（km²·month）,平均值为200.83kg/（km²·month）;湿沉降通量变化范围1.23~188.89kg/（km²·month）,平均值为66.33kg/（km²·month）.大气总氮年沉降通量为3205.9kg/（km²·a）,约为全国氮沉降平均水平（790kg/（km²·a））的4.06倍.从沉降类型上来看,大气沉降主要以干沉降为主,占沉降总量的75.17%,湿沉降占总沉降通量的24.83%.大气氮干沉降通量表现为春、秋季节明显高于夏、冬季节,湿沉降通量春、夏季明显高于秋、冬季节的季节性变化规律.通过对典型地块δ¹⁵N-TN同位素数据分析,表明夏季有71.4%的大气沉降样品来源于不可分辨的混合源输入,春、秋、冬季大河口水库超过45%的样品来源于沙地,另一大污染源为研究区周围的耕地.运用HYSPLIT4后向轨迹模型证明,从蒙古国入境的气团对研究区污染物大气输移影响较大,冬季采暖期间的大气污染和春季频繁发生的沙尘暴是造成北方沙区水体春季水环境变差的因素之一.     

引江济太入湖污染物通量及其对太湖水质贡献

引江济太工程是旨在改善太湖水质的重要工程举措,弄清调水过程中输入太湖的污染物负荷量是研究调水效果的重要方面。本研究根据2003年~2008年调水量和望亭立交闸下的水质监测数据,定量地计算了调水的入湖水量和污染物通量。同时根据2000年~2005年环湖30条河道每月一次的水文及水质监测数据,计算每年环湖河道的入湖水量及污染物通量。通过比较结果表明平均每年调水的入湖污染物通量约占总入湖污染物通量的10%,定量地给出了调水对太湖水质的贡献。     

调水调沙对黄河口及邻近海域溶存甲烷的影响

于黄河第9次调水调沙期间在黄河下游垦利站开展调查,分析了调水调沙对黄河溶存甲烷浓度分布及黄河甲烷年入海通量的影响.于2009年6~7月黄河调水调沙前、中、后期对黄河口及邻近海域开展调查,探讨了调水调沙对黄河口甲烷分布的影响.结果表明:调水调沙期间黄河垦利站甲烷浓度变化范围为9.89~205.34nmol/L,与径流量和悬沙含量呈正相关,表明甲烷主要来源于河床底层浮泥的释放.调水调沙期间黄河向渤海输送的甲烷约为2.2×105mol,约占2009年黄河向渤海输送甲烷总量的50%,调水调沙对甲烷输送通量在年内的分配有较大影响.黄河口及其邻近海域的三次调查结果显示甲烷浓度范围为3.71~37.77nmol/L,受黄河冲淡水影响较大.据估算黄河口甲烷的饱和度为(649.7±292.1)%,黄河口及其邻近海域是大气甲烷的净源.     

The Role of Macrophytes in the Retention of Phosphorus in the River Thame,England

The effects of the growth of the dominant species of macrophytes on phosphorus transport in the River Thame, a nutrient enriched lowland clay catchment in southern England, were assessed using a mass-balance approach. Macrophyte abundance was estimated between late March and early June at three sites along the river. the plant biomass of phosphorus and the total phosphorus content of sediments in the main part of the river channel and sediments associated with the plant roots were measured on each occasion. Total phosphorus concentrations in the river water were measured at weekly intervals at a gauging station at the lower end of the study reach.

The results showed that the phosphorus content of plants at the site most impacted by sewage derived phosphorus was < 1% of the flux of total phosphorus estimated for the water column in April and May. Phosphorus contained in the total standing crop of macrophytes at the least impacted site was estimated as approximately 3% of the mean daily flux of total phosphorus in the water. Although no trends were found in the total phosphorus contents of the roots, shoots or sediments through the season, differences in the phosphorus content of the sediments were found between sites with different phosphorus loading. Higher porewater and Equilibrium Phosphate Concentrations (EPC_oS) were recorded at the site most impacted by sewage effluent when compared to an upstream sampling site.     

太湖地区典型轮作与休耕方式对稻田水稻季N2O和CH4排放量的影响

轮作休耕是实现"藏粮于地、藏粮于技"的重要途径之一,目前在太湖稻田区域主要推广紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)-水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、油菜(Brassica napus L.)-水稻和休耕-水稻典型轮作与休耕方式。在太湖地区典型稻田水稻生长季设置了6个处理:(1)紫云英-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,MRN0;(2)紫云英-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2,以纯氮计,下同),MRN300;(3)油菜-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,RRN0;(4)油菜-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2),RRN300;(5)休耕-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,FRN0;(6)休耕-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2),FRN300。通过田间试验,研究了不同轮作与休耕方式对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田温室气体CH₄和N₂O排放的影响,从而为综合评价轮作休耕方式提供科学依据。田间试验结果显示,与不施氮肥处理相比,在不同轮作休耕方式下施氮300 kg·hm^-2,可增加53.7%—60.0%的水稻产量,以MRN300处理水稻产量最高,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,水稻产量分别提高了1.6%和6.0%。在不施氮水平下,MRN0、RRN0和FRN0各轮作处理间N₂O排放通量和累积排放量均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。而在施氮300 kg·hm^-2下,紫云英-水稻轮作可降低N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,N₂O排放通量分别降低了36.0%(P<0.05)和2.1%(P>0.05)。在同一施氮水平下,紫云英-水稻轮作CH₄排放通量和累积排放量最小,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,MRN300处理CH₄排放通量分别降低了1.1%和6.7%,CH₄和N₂O的全球增温潜势(GWP)分别降低了3.3%和6.5%,单位水稻产量温室气体排放强度(GHGI)分别降低了4.6%和11.6%。综上,紫云英-水稻轮作对提高水稻产量,降低温室气体排放效果最好。     

Accumulation of pollutant nitrogen in calcareous and acidic grasslands: Evidence from N flux and 15N tracer studies

Semi-natural calcareous and acidic grasslands are known to be sensitive to increased atmospheric N deposition. However, the fate of pollutant N within these systems is unknown. This paper reports on the first studies to determine the fate of added N within a calcareous and an acidic grassland subject to long-term simulated enhanced N deposition. Intact soil/turf cores were removed from field plots treated for six years with enhanced N deposition (ambient +0, +35 and +140 kg N ha^–1 year^–1). Cores were inserted into lysimeters and output fluxes of N were monitored in detail. Complete N budgets—calculated from the N flux data—showed considerable accumulation of N within the treated grasslands, up to 76% and 38% of pollutant N in the calcareous and acidic grasslands respectively. In the second study, the short-term (21 day) fate of pollutant N was determined by tracing ¹⁵N labelled ammonium nitrate (+35 kg N ha^–1 year^–1) though the acidic and calcareous lysimeters into plant, soil and leachate pools. Up to 91% and 59% of ¹⁵N was recovered in soils and vegetation of the calcareous and acidic grasslands respectively, with negligible amounts recovered in soil extractable ammonium and nitrate (<0.3%) and in leachate (<0.02%). This rapid short-term immobilisation of pollutant N supports the long-term accumulation of the element calculated from the N flux study.     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川流域水化学侵蚀及大气CO_2沉降量分析

2004-06-21～2004-09-10对天山南坡科其喀尔冰川作用区河水、大气降水及冰川进行水化学采样和分析实验,计算了地壳源物质的化学侵蚀率和大气CO2沉降量.分析结果表明,大气降水中溶质补给率平均为60.7kg.(km2.d)-1,占流域总溶质通量791.2kg.(km2.d)-1的7.7%.冰川冰中溶质因冰溶解作用补给河水中溶质的补给率平均为60.2kg.(km2.d)-1,占7.6%.地壳源水化学侵蚀率为558.0kg.(km2.d)-1,占70.5%,是河水中可溶性离子的主要来源.其中,流出SO24-总通量为171.1kg.(km2.d)-1,主要来源于地壳水化学侵蚀补给,占90.6%,其次是大气降水补给,占5.6%;流出HCO3-总通量为308.9kg.(km2.d)-1,其中硫化物氧化作用导致碳酸盐水解补给的HCO3-为84.2kg.(km2.d)-1,在吸收大气CO2引起的碳酸化作用过程中,源于大气CO2的HCO3-与源于碳酸盐的HCO3-相等,均为112.3kg.(km2.d)-1,相当于暂时性吸收大气CO2通量为81.0kg.(km2.d)-1,占流域总溶质通量的14.2%.利用碳酸盐水解法计算的地壳溶质侵蚀通量为641.1kg.(km2.d)-1,比前者利用物质平衡原理计算过程中考虑与不考虑大气CO2沉降的结果分别相差14.9%和4.4%.本研究对于评估我国西部资料匮乏的冰川区的水化学侵蚀和冰川区对碳循环的贡献具有重要的示范意义.     

Greenhouse gases fluxes and soil thermal properties in a pasture in central Missouri

Fluctuations of greenhouse gases emissions and soil properties occur at short spatial and temporal scales, however, results are often reported for larger scales studies. We monitored CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes and soil temperature (T), thermal conductivity (K), resistivity (R) and thermal di usivity (D) from 2004 to 2006 in a pasture. Soil air samples for determination of CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations were collected from static and vented chambers and analyzed within two hours of collection with a gas chromatograph. T, K, R and D were measured in-situ using a KD2 probe. Soil samples were also taken for measurements of soil chemical and physical properties. The pasture acted as a sink in 2004, a source in 2005 and again a sink of CH4 in 2006. CO2 and CH4 were highest, but N2O as well as T, K and D were lowest in 2004. Only K was correlated with CO2 in 2004 while T correlated with both N2O (r = 0.76, p = 0.0001) and CO2 (r = 0.88, p = 0.0001) in 2005. In 2006, all gases fluxes were significantly correlated with T, K and R when the data for the entire year were considered. However, an in-depth examination of the data revealed the existence of month-to-month shifts, lack of correlation and di ering spatial structures. These results stress the need for further studies on the relationship between soil properties and gases fluxes. K and R o er a promise as potential controlling factors for greenhouse gases fluxes in this pasture.     

东海海洋大气颗粒物中重金属的来源及入海通量

2006～2007年,对杭州湾以南的东海海域进行了春、夏、秋、冬4个航次的海洋大气调查,分析了大气颗粒物中重金属元素（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd）的含量,根据调查结果,采用富集系数法对重金属的来源进行了初步分析,对干沉降入海通量进行了估算.结果表明,调查海域海洋大气颗粒物中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd含量相对于地壳和海水均表现...     

土壤挥发性汞释放通量的研究

在总结前人工作的基础上,建立了一套野外现场测量土军发性汞释放通量的实验装置,于１９９３－０８至１９９３－１０在贵州省三类地区（高汞区、人为汞污染区和背景参考区）的５个采样点进行土军发性汞释放通量的研究。结果表明,土壤军发性汞释放通量具有白天高于夜间的昼夜变化规律,土挥发性汞释放通量与土壤总汞含量、在气气温相关。