HCA强化混凝预处理生活污水的效能及机理

通过单因素及正交试验,以聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（HCA）为混凝剂对模拟农村生活污水进行强化混凝预处理,考察了影响HCA混凝去除SS、TP及有机物的主要因素及其主次顺序,并以Zeta电位及分形维数对HCA的混凝机理进行了分析.结果表明,影响HCA处理效果的因素顺序为初始pH值值 > HCA投加量 > 絮凝搅拌时间 > 混合搅拌速度梯度 > 混合搅拌时间 > 絮凝搅拌速度梯度,在优化条件下HCA混凝对SS、TP及COD去除率最高分别达94.1%、74.9%及61.1%;当HCA投加量为15mg/L时,Zeta电位与絮体分形维数分别为-2.03mv及1.0149.试验表明HCA对生活污水具有较好的处理效果,强化混凝去除污染物的机理主要是电性中和作用.     

活性污泥絮体的分形结构分析

通过小角光散射(small-angle light scattering,SALS)实验确定出活性污泥絮体的分形区域,对絮体粒径分布进行了拟合分析,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)对絮体在不同尺度下的形貌进行了观测.结果显示,污泥絮体是由一系列的絮团结合而成,絮体表面凹凸不平,有各种"孔洞","缝隙",絮体内部存在一系列的孔隙.较大尺度的絮体同时存在多种孔道结构,构成絮体中营养物和水流的运输通道;污泥絮体在0.5～50μm之间具有明显的分形结构,表明活性污泥絮体在较小的粒径时已经具有一定的分形特征,活性污泥的粒度分布属于Gamma分布方式,证明污泥絮体的成长过程是一种絮团-絮团的凝聚过程.     

Differences in rheological and fractal properties of conditioned and raw sewage sludge

Rheological tests for raw and conditioned activated sludge(AS) or anaerobic digested sludge(ADS) show that power-law relationships can be used to describe the evolution of several rheological parameters,i.e.,limiting viscosity(η∞),yield stress(τy),cohesion energy of the sludge network(Ec),and storage modulus(G’),with total suspended solid(TSS) content in raw and conditioned sludge.A gel-like structure that behaves similar to weak-link flocs/aggregates was observed in AS and ADS.As derived from the double-logarithmic plots of G’-TSS content,the mass fractal dimensions of the raw and conditioned AS or ADS flocs/aggregates were 2.70 and 2.53 or 2.85 and 2.79,respectively.The rheological tests also indicate that both polymer conditioning and increased TSS content led to improved elastic behavior,cohesion energy,and yield stress of the sludge network,as well as expanded the corresponding linear viscoelastic range.The porosity of AS or ADS flocs/aggregates will be improved by polymer conditioning.     

Investigation of the hydrodynamic behavior of diatom aggregates using particle image velocimetry

The hydrodynamic behavior of diatom aggregates has a significant influence on the interactions and flocculation kinetics of algae. However, characterization of the hydrodynamics of diatoms and diatom aggregates in water is rather difficult. In this laboratory study, an advanced visualization technique in particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to investigate the hydrodynamic properties of settling diatom aggregates. The experiments were conducted in a settling column filled with a suspension of fluorescent polymeric beads as seed tracers. A laser light sheet was generated by the PIV setup to illuminate a thin vertical planar region in the settling column, while the motions of particles were recorded by a high speed charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. This technique was able to capture the trajectories of the tracers when a diatom aggregate settled through the tracer suspension. The PIV results indicated directly the curvilinear feature of the streamlines around diatom aggregates. The rectilinear collision model largely overestimated the collision areas of the settling particles. Algae aggregates appeared to be highly porous and fractal, which allowed streamlines to penetrate into the aggregate interior. The diatom aggregates have a fluid collection efficiency of 10%-40%. The permeable feature of aggregates can significantly enhance the collisions and flocculation between the aggregates and other small particles including algal cells in water.     

陕南地区清代霜雪灾害及分形特征研究

通过对陕南清代历史文献资料的搜集、整理和分析,研究了清代(1644-1911年)陕南霜雪灾害等级、阶段变化及不同等级灾害周期性等。统计分析显示,陕南清代发生霜雪灾害28次,平均每9.57年发生一次;霜雪灾害可划分为轻度、中度、重度三级,各占灾害总频次的21%,72%和7%;清代霜雪灾害可分为4个阶段,其中1644-1668年和1819-1868年的第1、第3阶段为灾害多发期,而1669-1818年和1869-1911年的第2、第4阶段为灾害少发期。霜雪灾害的自相似性揭示了灾害的分形性,分形结果显示陕南地区清代各等级灾害呈周期变化,且这些灾害的集中性非常强。陕南清代轻度、中度和重度霜雪灾害发生分别存在着16～18 a,7～8 a和46 a振荡周期。该地区霜雪灾害的发生主要是偏暖月的持续性降雪、积雪或由寒流引起的气温骤降造成的。初步确定陕南清代发生了两次霜雪灾害气候事件,时间在公元1649-1663年和1817-1842年。     

考虑非饱和特性的黄土湿陷性与微观结构分析

利用扫描电子显微镜测试技术对3个场地16个土样的微观结构进行观测,并使用图像处理软件对微观图像进行处理、对土样孔隙的几何特征参数和分维数进行了提取,土样孔隙分布分维数为1.816~1.936。利用分形几何学原理建立非饱和土的孔隙分布函数,对天然湿度下黄土中水分分布进行分析,运用回归分析的方法对孔隙的分维数、非饱和孔隙孔隙率和湿陷性的关系进行了分析。结果表明:孔隙分维数越大,孔隙结构越复杂;天然湿度下处于非饱和状态的黄土孔隙孔径均大于40μm,黄土的湿陷系数随着孔隙分维数、非饱和孔隙孔隙率的增大而增大,非饱和孔隙是造成黄土湿陷的主要原因。     

FRACTAL DIMENSION ANALYSIS APPLIED TO THE 7 DRAINAGE BASINS AND THE FLOOD IN CHINA

Foreword　Asoneofthethreegreatdiscoveriesin 1 970s ,thefractaltheoryhasbeenwidelyappliedinmanyfieldsconcerningthesciencesofnatureandthehumanities .Atpresent ,thefractaltheoryhasbeenappliedintherelatedanalysisofwatersystemordisaster .However ,thestud iesonnatureofrelationshipbetweenthewholewatersysteminChinaanddisasterfractalanaly sisarestillintheirinitialperiod .Thepaperpresentsafractaldimensionof 7drainagebasinsandthefloodinChinaaswellastheirpossiblerelations .Itishopedthatthepaperwouldbehe…     

长江三角洲及其附近地区两千年来水灾的研究

通过对长江三角洲及其附近地区两千年来水灾生成频率和强度的分析。认为两晋、南北朝时期和南宋、元、明、清时期是两千年来本区的主要水灾期。对照两千年来中国东部气候变化、海面升降与长江口河道变迁关系,认为在本区水灾生成事件中,气候因素起着主导控制作用。当然,人类活动对本区水灾生成的影响也不容忽视。本地区近百年来的旱涝灾害规律可用非线性科学的方法进行研究,旱涝灾害的准60年、准35年和准11年的长周期变化与地球自转速度、地极移动和太阳黑子活动的3个周期变化基本一致。本地区气候系统的行为具有混沌特征。这是线性逼近和周期叠加预报方法难以得出灾害预报正确结果的原因,但气候系统半个月的确定性预测可以实现。     

燃气爆炸作用下房屋裂缝开展的分形模拟

烯气爆炸灾害下房屋裂纹开展有的模式与受均布压力破坏时的相同,在参照实验所得混凝土裂缝的分形维数资源的基础上编制了相应的软件,利用分形插值的方法实现裂缝开展的模拟,模拟结果较好地反映了裂缝发展的真实情况,且较以往的模拟方法节约了大量存储空间。     

水环境模拟中多孔介质场空间变异性研究方法述评

阐述了研究多孔介质空间变异性的经典统计法、地质统计学方法以及新兴的分形方法.经典统计方法由于不考虑研究对象的空间相关性,已经不能对这种变异性做出客观的分析;地质统计学方法很好地克服了经典统计学的缺点,是目前应用最多的一种方法;分形的研究对象为无规则和具有自相似性的体系,这一特性决定了它研究这种变异性有着独特的优点.最后对多孔介质空间变异性研究的趋势进行了展望.