花卉秸秆和牛粪联合堆肥的中试研究

以花卉废物和牛粪为原料 ,进行了温度反馈的通气量控制联合堆肥的中试研究 .一次发酵采用静态好氧床进行 ,过程控制采用温度反馈通气量控制方法 ,周期 2 0天 ;二次腐熟采用周期性翻堆 ,周期 4 0天 .试验分析了堆肥过程中堆体温度、水分、pH值、有机质、湿重、干重、体积、湿容重、干容重等指标随时间的变化特征 ,结果表明 :采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥技术进行花卉废物和牛粪的联合堆肥可以有效控制堆肥过程 ,实现有机物料的快速稳定和去除水分 .     

有机肥与植物种类对铁肥形态转化及其有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验的方法,研究了牛粪和植物种类对石灰性土壤中铁肥形态转化及其有效性的影响。结果表明,牛粪施用改变了土壤中铁(含外源铁)的有效性及其在各形态铁间的分配。从长期的观点来看,牛粪施用能提高土壤铁的有效性,有利于土壤铁有效供给的维持。与花生相比,油莱对土壤铁具有更高的利用和活化能力,种植油菜后,土壤交换态铁被耗竭,而有效铁、氧化锰结合态铁和无定形氧化铁结合态铁的含量明显提高。有机肥的合理施用和铁效率差异性植物间的轮作或间作是增加、维系土壤铁有效性的重要农艺措施。     

Indigenous Grass Ecology and Socio-Economic Values in Swaziland

The fast-degrading land resources of Swaziland requires a multi-faceted approach to their management. One resource of utmost importance to all Swazis is grass. Grass research over the years had focused on pasture grass, while other uses have been neglected. The omission is a serious one and could be attributed to the neglect of indigenous grass knowledge and people's socio-economic values of grasses. Grass as a major resource is used for cattle feed, ecological control measures, medicinal plants and crafts. Within the study area, 46 grass species were identified and described by the local people. The neglect of the people's knowledge and utilitarian values of grass is a waste of resources. Thus, for grass research to be relevant to the people and national development objectives, research scientists should rethink their approach; they need to recognize and incorporate the indigenous knowledge about other uses of grasses.     

Microbial safety control of compost material with cow dung by heat treatment

Various kinds of pathogenic bacteria derived from the intestinal tract of animals exist in compost material like cow dung.In order to sterilize the pathogenic bacteria completely in compost material,the cow dung was put into a heat treatment machine in pilot plan, and harmless condition in short time was examined.The results indicated,pathogenic indicator bacteria such as coliform bacteria, fecal coliform,Escherichia coli and salmonella were all 10~6 cfu/g dw at the beginning,died rapidly when cow dung temperature rose to above 50℃,and not detected at 54-68℃for 6-24 h heat treatment.Coliform bacteria and salmonella in heated cow dung were not detected by re-growth culture and enrichment culture examination.Moreover,it was hardly influenced on the fermentation ability of composting microbe,organic decomposition bacteria.During heat treatment,the mesophile decreased rapidly and the thermophile stabilized or increased,and the most of composting microbe were bacillus in cow dung by fluorescence microscope,this indicated that bacillus was dominator and composting microbe in composting process.     

FECAL COLIFORM AND STREPTOCOCCUS CONCENTRATIONS IN RUNOFF FROM GRAZED PASTURES IN NORTHWEST ARKANSAS1

ABSTRACT: Agricultural practices such as cattle grazing and animal manure application can contribute to relatively high runoff concentrations of fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS). Available information, however, is inconsistent with respect to the effects of such practices as well as to measures that can discriminate among candidate sources of FC and FS. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of grazing, time of year, and runoff amounts on FC and FS concentrations and to evaluate whether FCIFS concentration ratios are consistent with earlier values reported as characteristic of animal sources. Runoff from four Northwest Arkansas fields was sampled and analyzed for fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS) for nearly three years (1991–1994). Each field was grazed and fertilized, with two fields receiving inorganic fertilizer and two receiving animal manure. Runoff amount had no effect on runoff concentrations of FC or FS. There were no consistent relationships between the presence of cattle and FC and FS runoff concentrations. Both FC and FS concentrations were affected by the season during which the runoff occurred. Higher concentrations were observed during warmer months. Runoff FC concentrations exceeded the primary contact standard of 200 cfu/100 mL during at least 89 percent of all runoff events and the secondary contact standard of 1000 cfu/100 mL during at least 70 percent of the events. Ratios of FC to FS concentrations varied widely (from near zero to more than 100), confirming earlier findings that FC/FS ratios are not a reliable indicator of the source of FC and FS.     

污泥热解液与牛粪混合厌氧消化特性研究

为处理污泥热解液并利用其中所含的能量,研究了250~550℃温度下产生的污泥热解液单独厌氧发酵和与牛粪混合厌氧消化的特性.首先研究250~550℃热解液单独厌氧发酵的情况,发现各温度下热解液可发酵、且350℃下热解液产气性能相对较好;但是总体上产气量很少.其次以250℃下的热解液为例,研究与牛粪在高温[（55±1）℃]下混合厌氧发酵时不同质量比（5/80,10/80,15/80;g/g）的影响,发现热解液在一定程度上抑制了牛粪的厌氧发酵,且热解液的量越大抑制作用越明显.第三步选择最低的热解液添加量比5/80,研究热解温度（250~550℃）对混合物厌氧发酵的影响;结果表明,350℃下的热解液与牛粪混合厌氧发酵累计产气量最高,达116.42mL/g VS,高于纯牛粪对照组的110.36mL/g VS;其他依次是550℃组、450℃组和250℃组.另外,550℃组的总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）的初始值最高,为1528mg/L,发酵后降低至254mg/L,为最大降幅,证明污泥热解液中的有机物得到有效降解.因此,适当热解温度下的污泥热解液可以适量与牛粪进行混合厌氧发酵,为污泥热解液处理和能源化提供新出路.     

牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土组配改良剂对土壤中Cd的钝化效果

农田土壤Cd污染是我国最为突出的环境问题之一,开展新型钝化修复Cd污染土壤材料的研究和技术开发对保障农产品安全及保护人体健康具有重要意义.以北京某蔬菜生产基地设施大棚Cd污染土壤为试验对象,温室条件下采用盆栽试验,研究牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土复合组配的改良剂对Cd污染土壤的钝化效果,探讨不同配比的组配改良剂对土壤Cd有效态含量以及小白菜Cd吸收量的影响.结果表明:在污染土壤中添加1%、2%和5%的组配改良剂,可明显降低土壤有效态Cd含量及小白菜对Cd的吸收,土壤有效态Cd含量降幅最大值达42.3%,小白菜地上部分Cd含量降幅最大值达22.7%,组配改良剂中骨炭成分比例越高,钝化效果越好,尤其以添加5%组配改良剂（添加组配改良剂中牛骨炭含量为50%）对Cd的稳定化效果最佳,且不同组配改良剂处理均不会对小白菜生长产生不良影响,表明牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土组配的改良剂在修复Cd污染土壤上具有较好的应用潜力.研究显示,牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土组配的改良剂符合绿色修复技术的发展要求,可作为钝化修复农田重金属污染土壤的环保新材料.      

牛粪燃烧实时排放挥发性有机物特征研究

在实验室模拟青海和西藏2种牛粪在民用炉具中的燃烧过程,采用稀释通道系统与质子转移飞行时间质谱（PTR-TOF-MS）在线分析牛粪燃烧排放的挥发性有机物（VOCs）,通过电子秤实时记录燃料质量的动态变化,获得牛粪燃烧排放VOCs浓度的时间序列与实时排放因子.结果表明,70g牛粪一次燃烧过程持续1100~1500s.牛粪燃烧排放VOCs浓度的时间变化趋势总体上呈单峰分布;西藏牛粪在燃烧450s左右VOCs浓度达到峰值7.92×10^-6;青海牛粪在燃烧400s左右VOCs浓度达到峰值6.01×10^-6.牛粪燃烧VOCs实时排放因子变化范围为40.74~156.88mg/g,趋势不同于VOCs浓度变化,随燃烧过程进行排放因子呈上升趋势.牛粪燃烧至3~4min左右,VOCs排放因子最低.甲醇、甲醛和乙醛3种VOCs排放因子占比最大,其中西藏牛粪燃烧3种VOCs排放占比分别为24.0%±1.9%、11.9%±1.8%和27.4%±1.4%,青海牛粪为22.0%±1.1%、13.3%±2.9%和17.7%±4.6%.本研究首次给出了牛粪燃烧VOCs实时排放因子,可为高时间分辨率排放清单建立和青藏高原地区室内空气污染的健康效应研究提供基础数据.     

Soil pollution by trace metals derived from animal feed and manure in the Bursa region of Turkey

The Bursa region of Turkey has important agricultural production areas. Animal producers use agricultural fields in this region for disposal of manure. Therefore, in this study the concentrations of the seven trace metals Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd in 324 animal feed and manure samples from three dairy cattle, three laying hens farms, and three broiler farms have been determined. The average concentrations in dairy cattle manure were 130 (Zn), 150 (Mn), 4.2 (Cu), 6.8 (Ni), 44 (Cr), 0.8 (Pb), and 0.09 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; for laying hens manure 240 (Zn), 190 (Mn), 0.63 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 30 (Cr), 0.55 (Pb), and 0.12 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; and for broiler manure 240 (Zn), 280 (Mn), 1.4 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 35 (Cr), 3.4 (Pb), and 0.16 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight. The calculated trace metal loading rate indicated that manure application might pose a potential risk to agricultural fields according to the current soil protection regulations of Turkey.     

Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides from contaminated soil by cattle

The study aimed to quantitate the uptake by beef cattle of organochlorine pesticides in from soil. Although such uptake is known to occur, uptake rates have not been accurately measured for these animals and cannot be inferred from data obtained with dairy cattle. In this study, cattle received a diet, of a standard feedlot ration supplemented with organochlorine-pesticide (aldrin?+?dieldrin) contaminated soil. The levels of pesticides in the feed would approximate uptake through normal grazing. Samples of the subcutaneous fat were removed periodically and analysed for pesticide content. Uptake of dieldrin (but not other pesticides present in the soil) was rapid and substantial. Uptake from sandy soils was more efficient than that from clay soils. The experiment was terminated after 8 weeks, because of the high levels of dieldrin in the tissues. Depuration of the accumulated pesticides was a slow and complex process, requiring a longer period than accumulation.