菲在长期施肥黑土团聚体中的老化行为

在东北黑土区长期肥料试验定位监测田采集[化肥与有机肥配施（NPOM）、不施肥（NF）]的表层（0～20 cm）土壤样品,用室内模拟培养的方法研究了菲在黑土及其不同粒径团聚体中的老化行为及其影响因素的溯源分析.结果表明,老化前期〉2 mm粒径组团聚体是优先吸附剂,而老化后期〈0.053 mm粒径组的团聚体是优先吸附剂.在...     

黄土台塬土地利用方式对土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性影响

论文以黄土台塬不同土地利用方式为对象,采用几何平均直径（GMD）、平均重量直径（MWD）、分形维数（D）、破坏率（PAD）、峰凸系数（C_E）和偏倚系数（C_S）对其土壤>0.25 mm团聚体进行分析,探讨土地利用方式转变对土壤团聚体水稳性的影响及其最佳评价指标的选择。结果表明：不同利用方式土壤团聚体含量、GMD及MWD均表现为耕地<乔灌混交林地<乔木林地<天然草地<灌木林地;林和草的种植有利于促进土壤较大粒径团聚体的形成,其土壤1~5 mm粒级团聚体占>0.25 mm团聚体总量比重显著（53.90%~80.20%）,结构非均匀性明显（灌木林地和天然草地土壤尤为突出）;而耕地土壤0.25~1 mm粒级团聚体占>0.25 mm团聚体总量比重较大（约81%）,结构呈均匀性;林地和草地土壤剖面由上而下团聚体优势粒径逐渐变小,结构差异逐渐减弱,该趋势灌木林地和天然草地较为缓慢,而耕地在整个剖面上均呈优势粒径较小,结构均一;GMD和C_S可较好地衡量整个剖面土壤团聚体水稳性,而PAD可更好地描述0~20 cm深度。     

The distribution and availability of phosphorus fractions in restored cut slopes soil aggregates: a case study of subalpine road,Southwest China

● There was no significant difference in soil aggregates TP along altitude gradient. ● Overall, PAC dropped steadily as aggregate size increased. ● In soil aggregate sizes, TPi > TPo > R-P at 3009,3347 and 3654 m except 3980 m. ● Active NaHCO₃-Pi was the main AP source. ● Proportion of small aggregate sizes was emphasized to increase AP storage. The distribution and availability of phosphorus (P) fractions in restored cut slope soil aggregates, along altitude gradients, were analyzed. Samples were collected at 3009, 3347, 3654 and 3980 m of altitude. We examined soil aggregates total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP) and phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC), and discovered that there was no significant difference in TP levels between all four altitudes samples (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in AP at 3009, 3347 and 3980 m of altitude (p < 0.05). At the altitudes of 3009, 3347 and 3654 m, the AP accumulation in small size aggregates was more advantageous. Overall, PAC dropped steadily as soil aggregates sizes increased, as shown: PAC (3654 m) > PAC (3347 m) > PAC (3009 m) > PAC (3980 m). In all particle size soil aggregates, the distribution of the P fractions was as follows: total inorganic phosphorus (TPi) > total organic phosphorus (TPo) > residual phosphorus (R-P), at 3009, 3347 and 3654 m, but a different registry was observed at 3980 m of altitude: TPo > TPi > R-P. Through correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis, it was concluded that active NaHCO₃-Pi was the main AP source. It was also suggested that more attention should be given to the ratio of small particle size aggregates to increase soil AP storage. In order to improve the activation capacity and supply of soil P, along with promotion of the healthy development of soil ecosystem on slope land, it was suggest that inorganic P fertilizer and P activator could be added to soil at both low (3009 m) and high altitudes (3980 m).     

Enhancement of phosphorus sorption onto light expanded clay aggregates by means of aluminum and iron oxide coatings

Phosphorus (P) loading from non-point or point sources increases the eutrophication risk of natural waters. The functioning of constructed wetlands (CWs) used as natural water treatment systems can be improved by means of additional materials adsorbing soluble P. In this study, light expanded clay aggregates (LECA) and LECA coated with aluminum (Al) oxide (Al-LECA) or iron (Fe) oxide (Fe-LECA) were tested for their efficiency as P sorbents in the pH range 3–8. The oxide coatings duplicated the actual sorption capacity calculated from the sorption isotherms at the P concentration in the equilibrium solution of 20 μg L⁻¹, assumed to be the allowable P level in purified water. In the oxide-coated LECAs the sorption was fast and followed both the first- and second-order Lagergren kinetic models, suggesting that the formation of a binuclear surface complex was feasible. In LECA, sorption was markedly slower and followed the first-order kinetic model, indicating that retention occurred through a monodentate attachment. These findings were in harmony with the degree of P saturation (DPS) of the sorbent surfaces at the highest P addition level (200 μg L⁻¹), DPS being decisively higher for LECA than for the oxide-coated sorbents. Accordingly, at higher pH values the competition by hydroxyl ions diminished the sorption in LECA relatively more than that in the coated sorbents. In agreement with the acidity of Al³⁺ being 100 times lower than that of Fe³⁺, at elevated pH the sorption by Al-LECA proved to be less reversible than that by Fe-LECA. The results provide evidence that in CWs Al-coated sorbents are superior to Fe-coated ones that are also redox-sensitive and may lose their sorption properties in anoxic conditions.     

污染场地不同深度土壤有机-矿质复合体中有机氯农药的分布

采用物理方法将某农药厂土壤分成4种粒径的有机-矿质复合体组分,粘粒、粉粒、细砂和粗砂,研究有机氯农药在土壤不同有机-矿质复合体组分中的分布特征及有机质含量对污染物质赋存分布的影响。结果表明,粉粒组分中污染物质六六六含量较高,粘粒组分中滴滴涕含量较高。粘粒和粉粒组分中污染物质的含量与相应的有机质含量间呈现显著相关关系,而在细砂和粗砂中这种相关性不显著。lgKoc值与污染物质含量的相关性分析结果与有机质的相关性分析结果相似。有机质可能是影响场地土壤有机氯农药分布的重要因素之一。本研究的结果可为污染场地的风险控制和环境修复提供基础依据。     

Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils from Taihu Lake region, China

Developing realistic soil carbon (C) sequestration strategies for China’s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and flood-irrigated surface topsoil (ca. 30 cm). Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic carbon (SOC) generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial proportion of the total SOC (30%–40%) is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to accumulate preferentially in the 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. σ13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter @1313C in the upper 30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with di erent pedogenetical types of paddy soils with regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems.     

Microbial Communities in Composite Biofilms Participating in the Degradation of PCB

A moorland soil site polluted with PCB showed a high diversity ofmetabolically active bacteria. Beside frequent types of 16S rRNAsequences similar to those of the species ofSphingomonasand the Acidobacterium phylum an unusual high number ofsequences from the genus Burkholderia were found. Burkholderia was also the main genus in isolates enriched onbiphenyl or various chlorobenzoates. In microcosm experimentssterilized surfaces exposed to PCB polluted soil always showed thepresence of clay aggregates formed by bacteria attached to thesubstratum. The bacteria use the PCB loaded clay colloids astransport medium for the water insoluble substrate to get accessto the carbon source. This is a novel mechanism of how bacteria dealwith hydrophobic substrates.     

水稻土团聚体Cu2+吸附过程中铝的溶出及土壤溶液pH变化

采用低能量超声波分散和冷冻机干燥法提取太湖地区水稻土(黄泥土)不同粒径团聚体颗粒,用平衡吸附法研究团聚体对重金属Cu2+吸附过程中铝的溶出及土壤溶液pH变化,以及不同pH的Cu2+溶液中铝的溶出量的变化.结果表明,团聚体对Cu2+的吸附过程,发生铝的溶出和土壤溶液pH下降,溶出量和pH下降幅度随Cu2+吸附量增加而增加,相同条件下铝溶出量和pH下降幅度大小顺序为:粗粉砂级>粉砂级>砂粒级>黏粒级,与氧化铁和有机质含量大小顺序相反.Cu2+溶液pH下降,铝的溶出量增加显著.氧化铁和有机质对Cu2+吸附过程铝的溶出和土壤溶液pH下降具有一定的抑制和缓冲作用.     

缙云山不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体中活性有机碳分布特征

于缙云山阳坡同一海拔高度处选择了亚热带常绿阔叶林(简称林地)、荒地、坡耕地和果园4种土地利用方式,在0~60 cm的土壤深度内每隔10 cm采集一个土壤样品,测定大团聚体(2 mm)、中间团聚体(0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm)以及粉+黏团聚体(0.053 mm)这4种粒径团聚体内的土壤活性有机碳(labile organic carbon,LOC)的含量,分析缙云山不同土地利用方式对团聚体LOC的影响.结果表明,各粒径团聚体中LOC含量均随土壤深度的增加而显著降低,呈现出明显的垂直递减性;在0~60 cm土壤深度的各土层上,基本上均表现为林地和撂荒地各粒径团聚体中LOC含量高于坡耕地和果园.采用土壤等质量方法计算LOC储量,显示大团聚体LOC储量为林地(3.68 Mg·hm-2)撂荒地(1.73 Mg·hm-2)果园(1.43 Mg·hm-2)坡耕地(0.54 Mg·hm-2);中间和微团聚体LOC储量为撂荒地(7.77 Mg·hm-2和5.01 Mg·hm-2)林地(4.96 Mg·hm-2和2.71 Mg·hm-2)果园(3.55 Mg·hm-2和2.10 Mg·hm-2)坡耕地(1.68 Mg·hm-2和1.35 Mg·hm-2);粉+黏团聚体LOC储量为撂荒地(4.32 Mg·hm-2)果园(4.00 Mg·hm-2)林地(3.22 Mg·hm-2)坡耕地(2.37Mg·hm-2).除粉+黏团聚体LOC储量略低于果园外,林地和撂荒地其他粒径团聚体LOC储量均高于果园和坡耕地,表明林地开垦为果园和坡耕地会导致LOC的降低,而坡耕地撂荒则会促进LOC的增加.林地和荒地LOC主要分布在中间团聚体,而果园和坡耕地则为粉+黏团聚体内LOC储量最高,表明在土地利用的转变过程中,粒径较大的团聚体更容易积累或损失LOC.4种土地方式下各粒径团聚体中LOC分配比例随土壤深度的增加而降低,果园和坡耕地各粒径团聚体内LOC分配比例略高于林地和撂荒地,表明林地和撂荒地土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)性质更稳定,更有利于碳在土壤中的留存,从而减少SOC矿化分解向大气的释放.相关分析表明,土壤团聚体LOC含量与土壤团聚体总有机碳含量呈极显著正相关关系,表明团聚体LOC可以作为衡量西南地区山地土壤团聚体有机碳动态的一个敏感性指标.     

石漠化山地植被恢复过程土壤团聚体氮分布及与氮素矿化关系研究

为阐明岩溶石漠化区植被恢复对土壤氮素积累与供应的影响,分析了土壤各级团聚体不同形态氮库分配特征以及团聚体氮库与土壤氮素矿化之间的关系.结果表明:1各样地土壤团聚体全氮、轻组氮、碱解氮、矿质氮含量基本上随团聚体粒径减小而升高,峰值出现在0.25 mm粒径.除矿质氮外,各种氮形态在不同样地之间,总体上表现为弃耕地草地灌丛地灌乔林地乔木林地、人工金银花地人工林地.2各粒径团聚体有机氮库容量受团聚体粒径质量分数控制,其中5~10mm、2~5 mm粒径团聚体有机氮库容量较大,土壤氮主要贮存于大团聚体中,大团聚体对土壤碳、氮的贮存有重要意义.3团聚体全氮贮量中,0.25~1 mm、5~10 mm、2~5 mm粒径对土壤净氮矿化量贡献大,其它粒径贡献较小.随植被恢复进程,土壤中5 mm粒径团聚体质量分数逐渐提高,大团聚体氮贮量相应提高,在增强土壤供氮能力的同时,加强了对有机氮的贮存与保护.