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31.
Yuuzou Kawahara 《Corrosion Science》2002,44(2):223-245
Corrosion products on two typical materials, SA213-T12 steel and alloy 625 exposed to the actual combustion gas, were analyzed in addition to laboratory tests for penetration of corrosive matter. It has been clarified that corrosion products of oxides containing a little chlorides and sulphides show lamellar structures and that at the alloy-scale interface, chlorination, sulphidation, and oxidation occur under a low PO2-high PCl2 condition. The formation of scale structures and the effect of corrosion-resistant alloying elements can be explained according to the stability tendencies of metals, chlorides, and oxides in the M-Cl-O equilibrium diagrams. The severity of corrosion environments at the interface is influenced by the penetration extent of corrosive matters through deposits and scales, and the protective effects of oxide films derived from alloying elements play an important role in preventing the corrosion. On the other hand, it has been shown that thermal fluctuation characterized in this kind of environment makes the lamellar scale structures and sometimes breaks and peels off the scale, and thus accelerates the corrosion. On the basis of the above mentioned knowledge, a new corrosion model is presented. 相似文献
32.
F.c.c. solid Co---Pd alloys have been investigated thermodynamically by means of computer-aided Knudsen cell mass spectrometry. Thermodynamic evaluation has been performed by applying the “digital intensity ratio” method. The thermodynamic excess properties can be described algebraically by means of thermodynamically adapted power series with two adjustable parameters, i.e. C1G (−20 810 + 9.608T) J mol−1) and C2G (−30 720 + 6.78T) J mol−1). At 1470 K, f.c.c. solid Co---Pd alloys are characterized by negative molar excess Gibbs energies GE, exothermic molar heats of mixing (HE) and small negative molar excess entropies SE. At 1470 K, the minimum GE value is −4600 J mol−1 (61.9 at.% Pd), the minimum HE value is −9400 J mol−1 (59.5 at.% Pd) and the minimum SE value is −3.3 J mol−1 K−1 (55.9 at.% Pd). The thermodynamic activities of Co show small positive deviations from the ideal case for the Co-rich alloys (xPd < 0.34), and negative deviations from Raoults' law for alloys with higher Pd contents. The Pd activities aPd show negative deviations from the ideal case for all compositions. The phase diagram has been computed by means of a generally applicable procedure for the calculation of the equilibrium compositions of coexisting phases. This was achieved using the results of this work, thermodynamic data from earlier mass spectrometric studies on the liquid phase, and literature data for the heat capacities and enthalpies of Co and Pd. 相似文献
33.
The oxidation behavior in air of Fe-19.6Cr-15.1Mn was studied from 700 to 1000°C. Pseudoparabolic kinetics were followed, giving an activation energy of 80 kcal/mole. The scale structure varied with temperature, although spinel formation occurred at all temperatures. At both 700 and 800°C, a thin outer layer of -Mn2O3 formed. The inner layer at 700°C was (Fe,Cr,Mn)3O4, but at 800°C there was an intermediate layer of Fe2O3 and an inner layer of Cr2O3 + (Fe, Cr,Mn)3O4. Oxidation at 900°C produced an outer layer of Fe3O4 and an inner layer of Cr2O3+(Fe,Cr,Mn)3O4. Oxidation at 1000°C caused some internal oxidation of chromium. In addition, a thin layer of Cr2O3 formed in some regions with an intermediate layer of Fe3O4 and an outer layer of (Fe,Mn)3O4. A comparison of rates for Fe3O4 formation during oxidation of FeO as well as for the oxidation of various stainless steels, which form spinels, gave good agreement and strongly suggests that spinel growth was rate controlling. The oxidation rate of this alloy (high-Cr) was compared with that of an alloy previously studied, Fe-9.5Cr-17.8Mn (low-Cr) and was less by about a factor of 12 at 1000°C and by about a factor of 100 at 800°C. The marked differences can be ascribed to the destabilization of wustite by the higher chromium alloy. No wustite formation occurred in the high-Cr alloy, whereas, extensive wustite formed in the low-Cr alloy. Scale structures are explained by the use of calculated stability diagrams. The mechanism of oxidation is discussed and compared with that of the low-Cr alloy. 相似文献
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无线传感器网络自组织问题越来越受到人们的关注,控制方法也大量涌现,但在对自组织性能的评价上,现在大多仍停留在定性分析阶段。本文针对无线传感器网络自组织中连接和覆盖两个重要指标,利用Delaunay三角剖分评价节点实体和他们的关系以及结点之间的信息传递和融合;利用Voronoi图进行评价节点覆盖的区域;同时,对整个自组织过程,引用自组织度的概念对其分布效果进行定量分析。仿真结果表明,我们提出的性能分析方法能够很好地评价无线传感器网络自组织算法的优劣。 相似文献
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Thermodynamic assessments were made to optimize thermodynamic models and parameter fits to selected experimental and first principles hypothetical predicted phase data within the Na–Al–Ti–H system. This enabled thermodynamic modeling of Ti solubility within the sodium alanates: NaAlH4 and Na3AlH6, and the relative stability of Ti-bearing phases. The modeling provides insights into the role of Ti originating from Ti-based activating agents commonly referred to as ‘catalysts’ in promoting reversibility of the Na–Al–H dehydrogenation and rehydrogenation reactions under moderate temperature and pressure conditions relevant to H storage applications. Preliminary assessments were made to evaluate H solubility in bcc-Ti and hcp-Ti, and stability of the hydride δ-TiH2. To model possible Ti dissolution in NaAlH4 and α-Na3AlH6, sub-lattice models were applied. A repulsive interaction is predicted by first principles calculations when Ti is dissolved in NaAlH4 or α-Na3AlH6, which becomes stronger with increasing temperature. Although Ti is virtually insoluble in NaAlH4 or α-Na3AlH6, a small addition of TiCl3 will induce a thermodynamic driving force for formation of TiH2 and/or TiAl3. The addition of pure Ti shows a weaker effect than TiCl3 and leads to formation of TiH2 only. Based on a combined interpretation of present thermodynamic modeling and prior experimental observations, the TiAl3 and TiH2 phases are ascribed to have a catalytic effect, not a thermodynamic destabilization effect, on the reversibility of the dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation reactions in the Na–Al–H system. 相似文献
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39.
王力群 《数字社区&智能家居》2009,(32)
面向对象建模技术有利于从全局的角度对系统加以设计。该文在明确面向对象建模技术重要性的基础上,分析了面向对象建模的技术基础,并以社会保险管理系统为案例,探讨了面向对象建模技术的应用,涉及到对象及候选类的确定、用例图及类图的设计等。该文对相关系统的面向对象建模应用提供了一定的借鉴作用。 相似文献
40.
UML2.0顺序图的形式化研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在UML2.0规范中顺序图的语义仍然是以自然语言的形式描述的,为实现对顺序图的自动化分析和验证,必须为顺序图定义一种形式化的语义模型.为此首先给出了UML顺序图的一种符合BNF范式的形式化语法,然后为该语法中的非终止符定义转换规则,将UML顺序图中的基本动作转换为加标Petri网组件,最后定义了各种合成操作,利用这些合成操作可以将UML顺序图的加标Petri网组件转换为加标Petni网. 相似文献