Optimisation of four-sensor probes for measuring bubble velocity components in bubbly air-water and oil-water flows

In a previous paper Lucas and Mishra (2005) [3] a local four-sensor conductance probe was introduced to measure the velocity vectors of dispersed bubbles in bubbly two-phase flow in which the continuous phase is water. There are a very limited number of alternative methods available for bubble velocity vector measurement with which results from, for example, computational fluid dynamic models can be compared and so the four-sensor probe technique is of interest to the multiphase flow community. In the previous paper [3] a mathematical model was presented to calculate the velocity vector of each gas bubble from seven time intervals which were measured using the output signals from each of four ‘needle’ conductance sensors located within the probe. In the present paper, a new technique for making the local four-sensor probe is introduced to minimise interference with the measured bubbles. A new signal processing method is presented using criteria to ensure that (i) the group of sensor signals from which the bubble velocity vector is to be determined are all produced by the same bubble and (ii) bubbles which contact the local four-sensor probe in an ambiguous manner are ignored. The accuracy with which the locations of each of the rear sensors in the probe relative to the lead sensor can be measured influences the accuracy with which the bubble velocity vector can be measured. However, the degree to which the accuracy of the measured velocity vector is affected by errors in the measured probe dimensions is dependent upon the geometrical arrangement of the four sensors within the probe. Experimental results and an error analysis are presented which show that the susceptibility of the velocity vector measurement technique to errors in the measured probe dimensions is reduced if the geometrical arrangement of the four sensors is optimised. As a result of this initial work, an optimised probe, known as the P30 probe, was designed and built and results obtained from the P30 probe in swirling oil-in-water bubbly flow are presented. A probe calibration factor is defined in this paper which can be interpreted as a measure of the interference of a probe with the motion of the bubbles with which it interacts. For the probes described in this paper the calibration factor was found to be much closer to unity than for previous four-sensor probes described in the literature (e.g. [3]) suggesting that these new probes have a much smaller effect on the bubbles’ motion than previous probes.     

采用浊度监测实现悬移质泥沙监测自动化的探讨

介绍了南宁水文站通过对水体浊度参数测试,得到浊度与含沙量关系,研究新悬移质泥沙监测模式,实现悬移质泥沙监测自动化,推进水文信息化进程适应经济发展,为防灾减灾决策,及时、准确提供科学依据。     

基于改进DoubleTree算法的网络拓扑发现方法

Double Tree算法是一种重要的IP级网络拓扑发现方法,极大减少了探测冗余,但该方法会产生大量的网络通信量,增加了网络负担。本文在Double Tree算法的基础上,通过对全局停止集存放结构的改进,实现了Double Tree++算法。实验证明,该方法在达到95%的网络覆盖度的同时,减少了50%探测冗余,并且降低了探测源点间的网络通信量。     

测控软件系统检测技术研究

随着计算机测控系统复杂程序和性能的提高,其面向的应用越来越复杂,软件设计技术和编码技术很难跟上硬件技术的发展和应用需求的快速拓展,开发具有可靠性和容错性的软件是很困难的.软件检错技术包括调试时的软件探测技术和正常运行时的监测技术,这样能够缩短调试时间,对软件错误进行实时监控和定位,可以用较少的代价解决软件代码的故障问题.     

手持导航设备的电磁干扰定位和整改

手持导航产品中,电磁干扰对产品性能的影响巨大。该文重点描述PND产品中EMI定位和整改问题的一般分析方法和手段,即通过组合使用通用的电、磁场探头,GPS有源天线,电压探头进行近场扫描,准确定位PND中的干扰源和干扰路径,并举例说明这些方法的应用。     

叶片测量仪系统的工作原理及其应用

本文论述了叶片测量仪的结构及工作原理。介绍了叶片测量仪硬件和软件系统及住实际工作中的应用,并探讨了叶片测量仪的发展趋势和应用前景。     

Probe compensated single feed circularly polarized fractal‐shaped microstrip antennas

A single feed circularly polarized fractal boundary microstrip antenna with improved axial ratio bandwidth is presented. The low‐axial ratio bandwidth of single feed circularly polarized microstrip antenna is due to its probe reactance. In this article, the inherent disadvantage of this low‐AR bandwidth is overcome by compensating the probe reactance by incorporating capacitance in the form of small patch between the radiating patch and the probe. The perturbation of the patch is done using fractal curve as boundary. The proposed antenna exhibits impedance and axial ratio bandwidths of 9 and 2.2% respectively at 2.4 GHz. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.     

Iterative control approach to high-speed force-distance curve measurement using AFM: time-dependent response of PDMS example

Force-distance curve measurements using atomic force microscope (AFM) has been widely used in a broad range of areas. However, currently force-curve measurements are hampered the its low speed of AFM. In this article, a novel inversion-based iterative control technique is proposed to dramatically increase the speed of force-curve measurements. Experimental results are presented to show that by using the proposed control technique, the speed of force-curve measurements can be increased by over 80 times--with no loss of spatial resolution--on a commercial AFM platform and with a standard cantilever. High-speed force curve measurements using this control technique are utilized to quantitatively study the time-dependent elastic modulus of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The force-curves employ a broad spectrum of push-in (load) rates, spanning two-order differences. The elastic modulus measured at low-speed compares well with the value obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) test, and the value of the elastic modulus increases as the push-in rate increases, signifying that a faster external deformation rate transitions the viscoelastic response of PDMS from that of a rubbery material toward a glassy one.     

非接触式电压相量测量算法

同步相量测量技术为电网动态安全监测提供了数据基础,非接触式电压传感技术具备安全、便捷、成本低的优势,有利于测量装置实现海量布点。现有非接触式电测量的缺陷在于复杂电压经探头传变后二次侧输出电压发生畸变,难以还原一次侧电压相量。为解决电压畸变问题,文中提出了一种对带内信号分频计算的相量测量算法。首先对探头输出电压进行预处理,滤除带外信号与噪声,随后采用矩阵束法计算带内信号频率,以此构建信号模型进行时域拟合求解带内信号相量,最后将带内信号相量还原至一次侧后合成得到综合相量。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够利用探头二次侧输出电压采样值计算一次侧电压相量。实验数据显示所提方法的幅值测量误差小于4.5%,相位误差小于1°,频率误差小于0.04 Hz,频率变化率误差小于4 Hz/s。     

数字示波器宽带探头系统的校准研究

微波射频芯片进行时域测量时,数字示波器的宽带探头是测试芯片的一个关键子系统,为准确测量芯片,必须要清楚示 波器探头系统的传输性能。 为此,设计了一种包含接地共面波导的数字示波器宽带探头校准系统,依据校准系统的信号传输特 性,用反卷积求出数字示波器宽带探头系统的频率响应,并计算其带宽,以实现对该探头系统的校准。 之后用该方法对 Keysight Infiniimax 高频差分有源探头系统进行了校准,得到其带宽数值约为 12 GHz 与标称带宽 12 GHz 相符,表明设计的校准系统合 理可行。