环氧有机硅阳离子型光敏预聚物的合成及其光敏性能的研究

合成了环氧有机硅光敏预聚物及阳离子光引发剂甲苯茂铁四氟硼酸盐，研究光引发剂种类、预聚物与单体配比、增感剂结构等因素对固化速度的影响，发现预聚物体系的感度较高，最小感度值为165mJ/cm^2；并讨论了甲苯茂铁四氟硼酸盐的暗聚合能力。     

Synthesis and solution properties of novel nonionic functional polyurethane surfactants

A series of novel nonionic functional polyurethane surfactants were synthesized by the polycondensation of 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate with poly(propylene oxide) (weight‐average molecular weight = 400, 1000, or 2000) and monoallyl‐end‐capped poly(ethylene oxide). The chemical structure of the polyurethane surfactants was determined by Fourier transform infrared and ¹H‐NMR, and the effects of the concentration, salt, rest time, and temperature on the surface tension were investigated. These polymeric surfactants exhibited excellent surface activity. Sample III, which was synthesized with monoallyl‐end‐capped poly(ethylene oxide) (number‐average molecular weight = 1000), poly(propylene oxide) (number‐average molecular weight = 2000), and tolylene diisocyanate, could reduce the surface tension to 37.6 mN/m at a concentration of 0.06 mol/L at 25°C. All polyurethane surfactants synthesized in this study had low critical micelle concentrations (ca. 10^?4 to 10^?5 mol/L) and could reduce the surface tension even at very low concentration levels. Moreover, the surface tension decreased with an increase in the temperature or the concentration of the polyurethane surfactants. The addition of salt resulted in a decrease in the surface tension, and it took some time for the polyurethane surfactants to reach a constant surface tension value. UV spectra were found to be very useful for determining the critical micelle concentration. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2956–2962, 2006     

Polymer/surfactant interaction—Its relevance to detergent systems

The field of polymer/surfactant interaction is reviewed in this work. Results from two investigative methods,viz., dialysis and surface tension, are discussed, illustrating the main behavioral patterns and outlining the principles of the interactions. Next, aspects of the interaction phenomena that appear to have relevance to detergent formulation are presented. These include solution rheology, solubility control and surface conditioning. Lastly, the importance of surface activity of the polymer itself is stressed, culminating in a discussion of the properties of hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymers (“polymeric surfactants”), both alone and in the presence of conventional surfactants. Based on the Samuel Rosen Memorial Award lecture, given at the AOCS Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, April 1993.     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的研制

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺是一种用途广泛的有机高分子聚合物,其分子量和阳离子度是决定其性能的重要指标。在氧化-还原引发体系中,以丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为单体共聚合成了阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺聚合物(CPAM),考察了反应温度、酸碱度、引发剂、单体及阳离子单体浓度等因素对CPAM分子量和阳离子度的影响。结果表明,较高分子量和阳离子度CPAM的最佳聚合条件为:聚合单体浓度为35%,阳离子单体的含量约15%,引发剂0.4%,反应体系温度35℃,pH值为6左右。     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠水溶液聚集性质的研究

用滴体积法测出十二烷基苯磺酸钠（ＳＤＢＳ）稀水溶液的表面张力；然后求出其临界胶束浓度（ＣＭＣ）。同时通过溶液的电导率、吸收光谱以及荧光光谱测定求出其ＣＭＣ。这样测出的ＣＭＣ值为１．２～１．６×１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，与文献值相符。也研究了部分水解的聚丙烯酰胺（ＰＨＰＡＭ）对ＳＤＢＳ聚集性质的影响；发现ＳＤＢＳ的ＣＭＣ值随ＰＨＰＡＭ的加人而减少并且ＰＨＰＡＭ水溶液的粘度随ＳＤＢＳ的存在而急剧降低（类似盐效应）。这些方法与性质对强化采油（ＥＯＲ）是重要的。     

双长链酯季铵盐的合成与柔软性能研究

采用高效液相色谱法对酯胺中的单、双酯进行了定量分析。考察了反应物摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间及催化剂等因素对酯化反应中硬脂酸的转化率和单、双酯质量分数的影响,优化了反应条件,得到了酯化反应较佳的反应条件:硬脂酸与N-甲基二乙醇胺的摩尔比为1.8∶1,180℃下反应6 h,次磷酸作催化剂;季铵化的较佳反应条件:反应时间为8 h,溶剂为异丙醇。对所合成的酯季铵盐的柔软性进行了研究,结果表明该产品的柔软性能略好于同类进口产品。     

平板浸涂过程中的液膜排液影响因素

针对一端与活性剂溶液池相接的竖直平板浸涂液膜排液过程，基于润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、活性剂浓度及液膜表面速度的演化方程组，通过数值计算分析了Marangoni效应和表面黏度对液膜排液特征的影响。结果表明，Marangoni效应是影响液膜排液过程的重要因素，可导致液膜厚度增加，随Marangoni效应增强可得到更均匀的液膜。液膜表面速度随表面黏度增大而减小，较大的表面黏度将推迟表面速度逆流现象的发生，但其对膜厚均匀度几乎没有影响。     

Mass transfer between solid particles and liquid in a three phase fluidized bed

Particle-liquid mass transfer in a co-current three-phase fluidized bed of glass beads, water and air was studied with two measurement techniques. Both techniques measured the weight loss of a few particles coated with benzoic acid in a bed of inert glass beads. The effects of liquid and gas velocities, gas distribution and surface active agents on particle-liquid mass transfer in a three-phase fluidized bed were thus determined. In the absence of surface active agents in the liquid, particle-liquid mass transfer rates in a three-phase fluidized bed were up to 30% higher than in the corresponding liquid fluidized bed. When surface active agents were added to the liquid, the particle-liquid mass transfer rate was increased by up to about 100% in the three-phase fluidized bed, relative to the liquid fluidized bed. The particle-liquid mass transfer coefficient was found to be inversely proportional to the liquid hold-up in the three-phase fluidized bed.     

A correlation for the estimation of critical micellization concentrations and temperatures of polyols in aqueous solutions

An empirical correlation is presented for the estimation of critical micellization concentrations (CMC) and critical micellization temperatures (CMT) for poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers in aqueous solutions. The CMC and CMT are expressed as a function of the polyol molecular weight, composition, and temperature (for CMC determination) or concentration (in the case of CMT). The correlation was developed from experimental CMT data for a set of 12 polyols that covered a wide range of molecular weights (2900–14600) and poly(ethylene oxide) contents (30–80 wt%) and is based on a simple expression for the standard free energy of micellization. Such a correlation should be useful to practitioners of the field as it allows easy prediction of CMC and CMT for a wide range of polyols with a minimal number of input parameters.     

Glucamine-based gemini surfactants II: Gemini surfactants from long-chain <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-alkyl glucamines and epoxy resins

Gemini surfactants were synthesized by reaction of long-chain N-alkyl glucamines with epoxy resins. Analogous to the synthesis of gemini surfactns from long-chain N-alkyl glucamines and α, ω-diepoxides (1), the reaction in methanol at 70°C could be used to convert the starting materials selectively and almost quantitatively. N-Octyl glucamine, N-decyl glucamine, and N-dodecyl glucamine were combined with several epoxy resins, mainly technical glycidyl ethers of diols. Syntheses involving equimolar amounts of amine resulted in quantitative conversion of the epoxy resins, and epoxide and products could be isolated quantitatively by removing the solvent. Gemini surfactants having hydrophobic or hydrophilic spacers were preparared according to their structures and the hydrophilic properties of the epoxy resin. Surface tensions were measured, and foaming propertiers were examined to characterize surface-active properties of these surfactants. The more hydrophilic products were of particularly high surface activity. Tensiometric studies showed a reduction of surface tension to 30–34 mN/m and critical micelle concentrations in the range of 2–35 mg/L. Comparison of gemini surfactants from long-chain N-alkyl glucamines and diepoxides of α,ω-diolefins (chain lengths: C₈, C₉, C₁₀, and C₁₄) with those based on epoxy resins showed similar or lower surface activities using hydrophobic epoxy resins and much better surface-active properties using hydrophilic epoxy resins (e.g., based on glycerol). This, together with the easier availability, makes the epoxy resin-based products interesting surfactants. Products having very good surface-active properties are available, especially using glycidyl ether of aliphatic diols or glycerol.