Marginal costs of freeway traffic congestion with on-road pollution exposure externality

The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of traffic marginal costs that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic, particularly important during traffic congestion when on-road pollution exposure is highest. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and pollution emissions components. The marginal external cost of on-road exposure includes terms for the marginal vehicle’s emissions, the increased emissions from all vehicles caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle, and the additional exposure duration for all travelers caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle. A sensitivity analysis shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of marginal social costs of traffic flow near freeway capacity, ranging from 4% to 38% with different exposure parameters. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare loss because of sub-optimal tolls. While regional pollution generates greater costs in uncongested conditions, on-road exposure comes to dominate health costs on congested freeways because of increased duration and intensity of exposure. The estimated marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure costs reduces the magnitudes of projects required to cover implementation costs for intelligent transportation system (ITS) improvements; the net benefits of road-pricing ITS systems are increased more than the net benefits of ITS traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure costs greatly increases heavy-duty vehicle marginal costs because of their higher emissions rates and greater roadway capacity utilization. Lastly, there are large uncertainties associated with the parameters utilized in the estimation of health outcomes that are a function of travel pollution intensity and duration. More research is needed to develop on-road exposure modeling tools that link repeated short-duration exposure and health outcomes.     

杭州市交通状况及车联网市场前景的调研与分析

作为物联网在交通领域的应用,车联网可有效缓解当前的城市交通问题.为更好地把握车联网的市场前景,2012年底在杭州市开展了一次大规模随机抽样调查活动,在汽车4S店、二手车市场、高校、政府机关和企业内随机发放问卷共800份.根据对问卷结果的统计分析,绝大部分驾驶员对杭城交通状况十分不满意,造成交通问题的主因是车辆增长过快,大多数驾驶员对车联网应用及相关产品十分感兴趣,并愿意为之支付一定费用.由此可以推断车联网市场前景非常广阔.     

Using the revenues from congestion pricing

The economic theory behind congestion pricing relies on using the revenues to help compensate highway users. But can practical methods of using revenues come close to achieving this compensation, and still have salient appeal to important political groups? This paper investigates the possibilities for designing a package of revenue uses that can achieve these twin goals. The suggested approach returns two-thirds of the revenues to travelers through travel allowances and tax reductions, and uses the rest to improve transportation throughout the area, including affected business centers. By replacing regressive sales and fuel taxes, this approach offsets the tendency of the prices alone to have a regressive distributional impact. By lowering taxes, funding new highways, improving transit, and upgrading business centers, the package provides inducements for support from several key interest groups. The potential amounts of money involved are discussed using nationwide data, and in more detail using a case study of ubiquitous facility pricing throughout the Los Angeles region. Illustrative calculations of the effects on various individuals confirm that such a package can create net benefits for a wide spectrum of people and interest groups.     

城市路网交通拥堵H-Fuzzy评判方法研究

根据城市路网交通拥堵的空间分布特点将路网交通拥堵划分为路段拥堵和交叉口拥堵,参考城市道路和交叉口服务水平的划分标准将路网交通拥堵度划分为堵塞、拥堵、较拥堵、较畅通、畅通5个等级,选取了路网交通拥堵的判定指标,运用层次分析法建立了路网交通拥堵的二级评判指标体系及相应的H-Fuzzy综合模糊评判模型,最后对一典型路网交通拥堵状况进行了判定,研究成果对于评估城市交通网络拥堵提供了一种有效的定量分析方法。     

基于空间特性的行李跟随系统的车辆调度方法

为了提高车辆配送初始解获得的效率,在不确定条件下,研究了上海世博会行李跟随系统需求点的空间特性,提出了基于空间特性的车辆调度方法,建立了需求点的空间特性SLINK聚类分析方法和聚类分析结果评估方法。计算结果表明:在需求点群聚状态下,采用基于空间特性的聚类分析法的调度初始解总距离为583,而传统SWEEP扫描法的调度初始解总距离为595,因此,在对车辆调度问题进行求解时,对需求点的空间分布特性进行分析有助于不确定环境下车辆调度问题的最终求解。     

城市道路交通拥挤识别方法研究

界定了交通拥挤的概念及属性,总结了交通拥挤的识别方法和流程,介绍了识别交通拥挤的主要算法和模型。     

一种基于方向关系的空间查询算法

利用锥形模型和四叉树索引,提出一种基于方向关系的空间查询算法,其主要步骤包括:首先,借助锥形模型和四叉树索引快速查找其最小投影矩形(MBR:minimum bounding rectangle)符合给定方向关系的空间对象,构成候选集;然后,从候选集中删除不符合给定方向关系的空间对象,得到结果集.使用C#语言对提出的算法进行了编程实现,并采用不同几何类型的空间数据对其进行了实验.实验结果表明该算法能够对空间数据进行高效地查询,较好地满足了实际应用的需求.     

环形交叉口交织区通行能力的一个新理论模型

为了对环形交叉口采取有效的控制与管理措施,必须提高环形交叉口通行能力计算方法的准确性。以排队论为基础,假设环道上无超车行为,环行车辆的车头时距服从泊松分布,车辆换道时间服从独立同分布,推导出了普遍适用的环形交叉口通行能力理论计算模型。通过仿真模拟验证了该模型的准确性,能更好的适应环形交叉口的规划设计以及我国实际交通状况。     

变截面预应力混凝土箱形连续梁桥设计若干问题的探讨

采用了一种新型的虚拟层合板壳单元进行空间有限元分析计算。计算结果验证了预应力混凝土箱形连续梁桥中出现斜裂缝的原因推测。经计算发现设计改良后桥梁的工作状态得到了极大的改善，且利用虚拟层合板壳单元法计算，不仅可大大减少单元数量且计算结果精确，计算速度快。     

压浆技术在道桥工程中的应用

水泥砼脱空,对路面破坏严重,其维修和养护工作难度大,耗资多。而利用板底压浆技术处治此类病害时技术效果和经济效果较好。