深穿透地球化学方法找金--以甘南草甸覆盖区为例

应用深穿透地球化学找矿方法,对常规化探方法难以奏效的草甸覆盖区进行土壤地球化学调查,探索草甸覆盖区隐伏及半隐伏金矿的找矿新方法.选定的手段是土壤剖面及面积性土壤测量,测定的相态是水提取金、有机结合金、自然金.通过本次工作,圈出了多片不同相态的异常.对个别异常进行验证,发现了金矿体,显示出该方法在本区使用的有效性,为甘南地区开展深穿透地球化学找矿工作提供了依据.     

综合地球物理勘探方法在团鱼山南部地区构造划分中的应用

本文旨在考察综合地球物理勘探方法在了解覆盖层厚度和基底深度、划分构造形态和走向等方面的有效性,在青海省团鱼山南部地区分别应用重力和可控源音频大地电磁方法开展了地质勘测。在地质解释过程中,综合工区地质资料,并按不同方法的特点进行相互约束。利用地球物理勘测结果,根据地层电性和密度属性,划分了区域的构造形态和走向,建立了团鱼山南部地区的地质构造模型。综合地球物理方法的应用,有效地降低了地球物理勘探的多解性,为精细地质解释提供了依据,为下一步开展全面物探工作和钻探布设奠定了基础。     

Structural evolution of a normal fault array in the Gambier Embayment,offshore Otway Basin,South Australia: insights from 3D seismic data

This study was undertaken to determine the structural evolution of a normal fault array using detailed kinematic analysis of normal fault tip propagation and linkage, adding to the growing pool of research on normal fault growth. In addition, we aim to provide further insight into the evolution of the offshore Otway Basin, Australia. We use three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection data to analyse the temporal and spatial evolution of a Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic age normal fault array located in the Gambier Embayment of the offshore Otway Basin, South Australia. The seismic reflection data cover a NW–SE-oriented normal fault array consisting of six faults, which have grown from the linkage of numerous, smaller segments. This fault array overlies and has partial dip-linkage to E–W-striking, basement-involved faults that formed during the initial Tithonian–Barremian rifting event in the Otway Basin. Fault displacement analysis suggests four key stages in the post-Cenomanian growth history of the upper array: (1) nucleation of the majority of faults resulting from resumed crustal extension during the early Late Cretaceous; (2) an intra-Late Cretaceous period of general fault dormancy, with the nucleation of only one newly formed fault; (3) latest Cretaceous nucleation of another newly formed fault and further growth of all other faults; and (4) continued growth of all faults, leading to the formation of the Cenozoic Gambier Sub-basin in the Otway Basin. Our analysis also demonstrates that Late Cretaceous faults, which are located above and dip-link to basement-involved faults, display earlier nucleation and greater overall throw and length, compared with those which do not link to basement-involved faults. This is likely attributed to increased rift-related stress concentrations in cover sediments above the upper tips of basement faults. This study improves our understanding of the geological evolution of the presently under-explored Gambier Embayment, offshore Otway Basin, South Australia by documenting the segmented growth style of a Late Cretaceous normal fault array that is located over, and interacts with, a reactivated basement framework.     

江苏南部地区现今震源机制和应力场特征

利用2000年3月至2014年4月江苏及邻区数字地震波形资料,采用P波、S波初动和振幅比求解方法计算了江苏南部地区123次中小地震震源机制解。分析震源机制解特征表明,研究区中小地震震源类型以走滑型为主,其次为正断层类型,P、T轴优势方向分别为NEE—SWW和NNW—SSE向。依据盆地和断裂发育、历史及现代中小地震分布、震源机制等特征将研究区划分为A区和B区。采用Gphart方法分别反演了这两个区域应力张量,结果显示:A区最大主应力方位角为78°,倾角为23°,最小主应力方位角为340°,倾角为17°;B区最大主应力方位角为60°,倾角为25°,最小主应力方位角为330°,倾角为1°。两个分区应力场结果的差异显示了局部应力场的不均匀性,体现了局部地区地质条件、构造活动等差异性。各分区应力场特征与区内的中强地震震源机制特征较为一致,这在一定程度也佐证了反演结果的可靠性。     

基于粒子成像测速(PIV)技术的褶皱冲断带砂箱构造物理模拟研究

在前人对褶皱冲断带的研究基础上,为进一步深入分析对比滑脱层数量、强度、深度等对褶皱冲断带的制约,设计了6组砂箱模拟实验,并运用粒子成像测速(PIV,Particle Image Velocimetry)技术的实时监测,计算出各阶段模型剖面上的速度场和涡度场,对褶皱冲断带的运动学过程和变形机制进行详细刻画和定量分析。实验结果表明,滑脱层的强度和深度均制约着褶皱断层的构造演化,滑脱层的强度越小,其上覆地层中的变形传播越远,滑脱层深度越深,对整个构造样式更具有控制作用,变形也就传播得更远。以微玻璃珠组成的滑脱层主要产生前展型逆冲叠瓦式构造,上部推覆体前缘水平位移较快;以硅胶组成的滑脱层上部形成叠瓦式构造,下部形成冲起构造,上、下两部分具有明显的分层变形特征。PIV监测结果显示,当上盘速度骤停,并且前缘涡度值骤降时,断坡形成并发展成断坪-断坡组合构造样式;下一条断层以相同方式在前缘形成,从而使褶皱冲断带向前陆方向扩展。将实验结果与龙门山南段褶皱冲断带进行了对比分析,得到了较好的印证。     

The food and feeding of seven fish species from the Campbell Plateau,New Zealand

The food and feeding habits of hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae), southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis), javelin fish (Lepi‐dorhynchus denticulatus), ling (Genypterus blacodes), smooth rattail (Coelorinchus aspercephalus), silverside (Argentina elongata), and small‐scaled notothenid (Notothenia microlepidota) sampled from the Campbell Plateau in 1979 were examined. The importance of prey items in the diet has been assessed by an ‘index of relative importance’, which combines measurements of frequency of occurrence, number, and weight of prey. Hoki, southern blue whiting, and javelin fish are pelagic feeders. Hoki preyed largely on natant decapod crustaceans, amphipods, and myctophid and photichthyid fishes. The main prey of southern blue whiting were amphipods, natant decapods, and euphausiids. Javelin fish fed on natant decapods, amphipods, and small squid. Seasonal and regional differences in feeding, and dietary changes with length of fish were evident. Ling, smooth rattail, silverside, and small‐scaled notothenid are predominantly benthic feeders. Ling preyed on natant decapods, macrourid fishes, and small hoki. The diet of rattail comprised natant decapod crustaceans, opal fishes (Hemerocoetes spp.), and poly‐chaetes. Silverside fed almost solely on salps. Salps, amphipods, brachyuran crustaceans, and opal fishes were the main prey of small‐scaled notothenid.     

东海南部海洋净初级生产力与鲐鱼资源量变动关系的研究

海洋初级生产力决定海洋渔业资源的潜在产量,我国应用海洋初级生产力方法估算渔业资源量亦已取得不少研究成果,但海洋生态系统中的营养控制机制复杂多样,将影响海洋初级生产力与鱼类资源量的关系。本文利用中国大型灯光围网渔业在东海南部渔场的鲐鱼(Scomber japonicus)捕捞数据与海洋净初级生产力的遥感资料分析了鲐鱼资源量变化与净初级生产力的关系,探讨了其生态系统营养控制机制。研究结果表明,净初级生产力与标准化CPUE(Catch Per Unit Effort)不存在显著的线性关系(P>0.05),但呈显著非线性关系(P<0.05),且这种非线性关系表现为倒抛物线,即鲐鱼资源量随净初级生产力的增加而提高,但当净初级生产力进一步增加,鲐鱼资源量则呈下降趋势。净初级生产力与标准化CPUE呈显著的倒抛物线关系表明生态系统存在上行控制机制,但并非受该机制完全控制。种间竞争或浮游动物资源量的变动均可能引起鲐鱼资源的相对丰度与净初级生产力呈倒抛物线关系。     

Melanistic southern right‐whale dolphins (Lissodelphis peronii) off Kaikoura,New Zealand,with records of other anomalously all‐black cetaceans

Reports of anomalously pigmented cetaceans, including melanistic (all‐black) individuals are infrequent. We observed four melanistic southern right‐whale dolphins (Lissodelphis peronii) including a calf, off Kaikoura (42°34'S, 173°50'E), New Zealand. We also compiled records of melanistic individuals from five other species of cetaceans. The ecological context of melanistic pigmentation of cetaceans is not well understood; however, it may increase heat absorption, affect ability to capture prey, impair visual/social communication, and/or increase conspicuousness to predators.     

Employing SWOT Analysis in Coursework on the Geographies of Regional Economic Development and Trade

Abstract

The use of SWOT analysis is a means through which geography students can investigate key concepts in economic geography and essential topics in regional economic development. This article discusses the results of a course project where economic geography students employed SWOT analysis to explore medium-sized metropolitan areas across the southern United States and their suitability for export-led development. The results suggest that students were able to critically evaluate these urban regions and their potential for integration into the global economy. This case also intimates that the SWOT concept could be applied to other situations and regions in geography coursework.     

Low-frequency coupled atmosphere-ocean variability in the southern Indian Ocean

The low-frequency atmosphere-ocean coupled variability of the southern Indian Ocean(SIO) was investigated using observation data over 1958-2010.These data were obtained from ECMWF for sea level pressure(SLP) and wind,from NCEP/NCAR for heat fluxes,and from the Hadley Center for SST.To obtain the coupled air-sea variability,we performed SVD analyses on SST and SLP.The primary coupled mode represents 43% of the total square covariance and is featured by weak westerly winds along 45-30 S.This weakened subtropical anticyclone forces fluctuations in a well-known subtropical dipole structure in the SST via wind-induced processes.The SST changes in response to atmosphere forcing and is predictable with a lead-time of 1-2 months.Atmosphere-ocean coupling of this mode is strongest during the austral summer.Its principle component is characterized by mixed interannual and interdecadal fluctuations.There is a strong relationship between the first mode and Antarctic Oscillation(AAO).The AAO can influence the coupled processes in the SIO by modulating the subtropical high.The second mode,accounting for 30% of the total square covariance,represents a 25-year period interdecadal oscillation in the strength of the subtropical anticyclone that is accompanied by fluctuations of a monopole structure in the SST along the 35-25 S band.It is caused by subsidence of the atmosphere.The present study also shows that physical processes of both local thermodynamic and ocean circulation in the SIO have a crucial role in the formation of the atmosphere-ocean covariability.