Asymptotic Analysis and Layer Decomposition for the Couplex Exercise

This document explores the possibilities of multiscale expansions and domain decomposition to solve part of the Couplex 1 exercise. We concentrate on the hydrostatic pressure and show that the slenderness of the domain and the large variations of the Darcy constants allows an analytical approximation which our test reveals to be true to relative errors smaller than 10^–3. The numerical tests are done in 2D with freefem+ and in 3D with freefem3D. Some considerations are also given for Iodine transport.     

全极化SAR数据在地表覆盖/利用监测中的应用

SIR-C/X-SAR是运行在地球轨道上的第一个多波段(L、C、X)全极化(HH、VV、VH和HV)成像雷达系统,该系统具有极化测量和干涉测量功能。全极化雷达测量每一个像元的全散射矩阵,所获取的信息非常丰富。但是,由于这些极化合成图像具有较高的相关性,导致了图像信息提取精度的降低。本文基于新疆和田地区的SIR-CL波段全极化雷达数据,利用全散射矩阵的特点合成了HH-VV极化相关图像、极化度图像、目标增强图像和相位差图像。这些图像相关性小,地表覆盖信息丰富,提高了全极化SAR数据在实验区信息提取的准确度。     

Geochemistry of Late Cretaceous （ 60 - 67 Ma） igneous activities in the Hebrides Terrace seamount （guyot） area, Scotland

Tholeiitic basalts in various stages of alteration were dredged from Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks (60 -67 Ma) in the Hebrides Terrace seamount area in the Atlantic Ocean. These rocks are extrusive olivine basalts, including high- and low-Al basalts. High-Al basalts are depleted in MgO, CaO, Cr,Sc, V, St, Zr and enriched in TiO2, Na2O, Nb, Rb as compared with low-A1 basalts. Petrography and bulk-rock composition (major, trace and rare-earth elements) data defined clear tholeiitic suites displaying possible liquid lines of descent related to different degrees of crystal fractionation and partial melting.Isotopic dating of dredged samples gave the guyot an age of 60 - 67 Ma, in support of the assumption that it was formed during the Late Cretaceous.     

时间尺度重构EEMD-GRNN改进模型预测PM2.5的研究

合理构建PM_2.5浓度预测模型是科学、准确地预测PM_2.5浓度变化的关键。传统PM_2.5预测EEMD-GRNN模型具有较好的预测精度,但是存在过于关注研究数据本身而忽略其物理意义的不足。本研究基于南京市2014-2017年PM_2.5浓度时间序列数据,分析PM_2.5浓度多尺度变化特征及其对气象因子和大气污染因子的尺度响应,基于时间尺度重构进行EEMD-GRNN模型的改进与实证研究。南京市样本数据PM_2.5浓度变化表现为明显的天际尺度和月际尺度,从重构尺度（天际、月际）构建GRNN模型更具有现实意义;同时,PM_2.5对PM₁₀、NO₂、O₃、RH、MinT等因子存在多尺度响应效应,以其作为GRNN模型中的输入变量更具有时间序列上的解释意义。改进后的EEMD-GRNN模型具有更高的PM_2.5浓度预测精度,MAE、MAPE、RMSE和R²分别为6.17、18.41%、8.32和0.95,而传统EEMD-GRNN模型的模型有效性检验结果分别为8.37、27.56%、11.56、0.91。对于高浓度天（PM_2.5浓度大于100 μg/m³）的预测,改进模型更是全面优于传统EEMD-GRNN模型,MAPE为12.02%,相较于传统模型提高了9.03%。     

Evaluating soil moisture estimation from ground-penetrating radar hyperbola fitting with respect to a systematic time-domain reflectometry data collection in a boreal podzolic agricultural field

The upper 30 cm of the soil profile, which hosts the majority of the root biomass, can be considered as the shallow agricultural root zone of most temperate crops. The electromagnetic wave velocity in the soil obtained from reflection hyperbolas in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data can be used to estimate soil moisture (SM). Finding shallow hyperbolas in a radargram and minimizing the subjective error associated with the hyperbola fitting are the main challenges in this approach. Nevertheless, we were motivated by the recent improvements of hyperbola fitting algorithms, which can reduce the subjective error and processing time. To overcome the difficulty of finding very shallow hyperbolas, we applied the hyperbola fitting method to reflections ranging from 27- to 50-cm depth using a 500-MHz centre-frequency GPR and compared the estimated moisture with vertically installed, 30-cm-long time-domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors. We also compared TDR and GPR sample areas in a 2-D plane using different GPR survey types and different hyperbola depths. SM measured with TDR and GPR were not significantly different according to Mann–Whitney's test. Our analyses showed that a root mean square error of 0.03 m³ m⁻³ was found between the two methods. In conclusion, the proposed method might be suitable to estimate SM with an acceptable accuracy within the root zone if the soil profile is fairly uniform within the application depth range.     

基于经验模态分解和小波分解估算海气通量涡相关计算中的截断时间尺度

基于时长38天的海表风场实测数据,应用经验模态分解(EmpiricalModeDecomposition,EMD)和小波分解(Wavelet Decomposition, WD)这两种数据处理方法首先对涡相关法中的截断时间尺度(CutoffTimescale,CTS)进行估算,结果显示:基于EMD与WD方法估算出的CTS一般都在40秒左右(EMD的结果略小),远远小于传统涡相关法中CTS的取值(固定为10分钟),且EMD和WD的使用使得每一段数据都能够根据自身的湍流特点而获得合适的CTS; EMD方法和WD方法有效的去除了计算结果中的非湍部分,且对通量传输方向的刻画也更加合理,极大提高了通量的计算精度,所得通量与传统方法计算的通量偏差平均值高达45%;研究还对EMD和WD的优缺点进行了对比分析,结果表明EMD相比于WD有更高的自主性,而WD对信号的分离程度则更高。     

Re-examining urban region and inferring regional function based on spatial–temporal interaction

Urban system is shaped by the interactions between different regions and regions planned by the government, then reshaped by human activities and residents’ needs. Understanding the changes of regional structure and dynamics of city function based on the residents’ movement demand are important to evaluate and adjust the planning and management of urban services and internal structures. This paper constructed a probabilistic factor model on the basis of probabilistic latent semantic analysis and tensor decomposition, for purpose of understanding the higher order interactive population mobility and its impact on urban structure changes. First, a four-dimensional tensor of time (T)?×?week (W)?×?origin (O)?×?destination (D) was constructed to identify the day-to-day activities in three time modes and weekly regularity of weekday/weekend pattern. Then we reclassified the urban regions based on the space clustering formed by the space factor matrix and core tensor. Finally, we further analysed the space–time interaction on different time scales to deduce the actual function and connection strength of each region. Our research shows that the application of individual-based spatial–temporal data in human mobility and space–time interaction study can help to analyse urban spatial structure and understand the actual regional function from a new perspective.     

HHT-EEMD用于IGS站高程时间序列分析

利用经验模态分解（EMD）和整体经验模态分解（EEMD）方法，将BJFS站2000~2015年高程时间序列进行分解，发现其不仅存在1 a、0.5 a、0.25 a、2个月、1个月以及长周期等周期项，还存在以往方法很难探测出来的近似2 a周期信号。与EMD分解结果对比，整体经验模态分解可以明显减弱模式混叠现象。对各分量进行Hilbert 变换（HHT），得到时间-频率-能量的Hilbert 频谱图。结果表明，年周期和2 a周期变化是高程运动的主要贡献项。利用小波变换方法对比验证EEMD的分解结果表明，与小波分析相比，EEMD重构信号与高程序列差异的RMS更小，证明了HHT-EEMD方法在数据资料分析过程中的有效性。对环境负载及GRACE负载造成的测站位移进行功率谱分析得出，环境负载确实会造成IGS站高程时间序列的1 a、0.5 a以及季节性运动，GRACE负载还验证了2 a信号的存在。     

福州市地表温度热点及时空变化分析

中国作为世界第一大发展中国家,近年来城镇化发展迅速,大量自然地表转化为人工地表,从而引起了一系列环境问题,其中以城市热岛问题最为显著。因此如何缓解因城市化进程的加快引起的城市热岛效应已成为热门研究方向。为精确分析城市空间格局对热集聚的影响,本研究利用2000年5月4日的Landsat ETM+和2016年7月27日获取的Landsat OLI两期遥感影像,获取福州市的土地覆盖信息并进行精度验证。在地表温度（Land Surface Temperature, LST）反演基础上通过热点分析（Getis-Ord Gi*）,并结合不透水面（Impervious Surface Area, ISA）信息来研究城市化进程中福州市16 年来 LST的变化特性,空间集聚特性及其产生的尺度效应。热点分析结果显示：① 通过分析福州市内各地和热点中心的距离与LST的关系可较好地反映空间热聚集。2000 年在距热点中心0.97、1.03、0.95 km范围内热聚集明显;2016 年则增长到分别在距热点中心半径1.89、2.01、2.10、2.05、2.13 km范围内热集聚显著且热点区数量也从3 个增加至5 个。热集聚区（热点区和较热区）总面积在此期间从15.7%增至47.3%;② 由于热点图中的热点区和冷点区的形成不单取决于LST的高低,因此热点分析与空间自相关分析方法相比,能更直观地分析土地覆盖变化对LST的影响,了解城市内部热强度变化的细节。本研究采用的热点分析方法可用于城市环境保护与规划,将来还可作为城市土地规划与热环境影响的分析依据。同时可利用热点分析图模拟城市微气候,估算城市绿地降温程度等。此外,未来还可基于此进一步探讨更多时相以及不同城市的对比分析,特别是对不同城市类型如带状城市,多中心城市及中心城市等的研究。