青藏高原古岩溶的性质、发育时代和环境特征

青藏高原目前多处所见岩溶地貌主要属第三纪古岩溶之地下部分经后期剥蚀而出露于地表的，风化壳红土和洞穴次生化学沉积等古岩溶相关沉积也多以残留形态出露在已经发生解体的高原主夷平面的南和东南缘，风化壳红土中所含粘粒部分的主要化学成分为SiO2,Al2O3和Fe2O3；粘土矿物多属“伊利石-高岭石”型组合，少数样品属“高岭石-伊利石”型组合，据硅酸系数和粘土矿物组合判断，古岩溶风化壳红土的发育阶段处在化学风化的初期，但由于目前所见红土仅反映当时风化壳剖面根部的化学风化状况，故其较弱的风化指数仍能间接指示古岩溶发育时期湿热的地表环境，扫描电镜观测结果亦表明，风化壳红土中石英砂的表面结构特征以化学溶蚀形成的为主，机械侵蚀形成的为辅，反映了高原风化壳红土垢长期残留特征，对应风化壳发育时期的湿热环境。     

埕岛-胜海潜山带的古岩溶作用

依据埕岛-胜海潜山带的取心资料,在系统观察描述岩心和综合分析地震剖面资料的基础上,对研究区的古岩溶作用进行了全面研究,对风化壳的岩溶地貌特征、岩溶标志与特征、岩溶分带以及控制岩溶作用的主要因素进行了详细阐述,对于本区古岩溶作用发育的历史及其变化规律进行了深入研究。根据本区构造发展历史,可将下古生界碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用划分为4期：第一期(加里东早期)同生-近地表成岩早期溶蚀作用;第二期(加里东晚期-海西早期)风化壳期的岩溶作用;第三期(海西晚期-印支期)浅埋藏期溶蚀作用;第四期(燕山期及其后)深埋藏期溶蚀作用。这对于下一步深入研究该区的储集层特征和孔隙演化规律以及对于该区勘探区块的综合评价具有重要意义。     

Palaeokarst development in a lower Frasnian (Devonian) platform succession,Canning Basin,northwestern Australia

Recognition of palaeokarst in the oldest exposed Devonian (Givetian ‐ lower Frasnian) platform successions of the Canning Basin reef complexes has eluded investigators for over forty years. The first evidence for palaeokarst, developed on microbial mud‐mounds in a single stratigraphic horizon, is documented and records an episode of exposure during early carbonate platform development. Surface palaeokarst features are scalloped surfaces, solution pits and a pipe, underlain by fenestral limestone with sediment‐filled fossil moulds and vugs. The platform succession has variably developed metre‐scale cycles which are composed predominantly of shallowing‐upward subtidal facies, with some cycles having fenestral peloidal mudstone caps. Changes in facies type and stratigraphic arrangement up the succession define two deepening‐upward units (～70 and 180 m thick), with the palaeokarst surface representing emergence following rapid shallowing at the top of the lower unit. The stratigraphic position of the palaeokarst between these two units suggests it may represent a sequence boundary. This may have been caused by a low‐magnitude eustatic fall or footwall‐uplift event superimposed on a rapidly subsiding basin margin.     

四川盆地东部黄龙组古岩溶地貌研究

作为川东地区最重要的天然气储集类型之一的石炭系黄龙组古岩溶型储层,业已引起众多油气地质工作者的重视。通过古岩溶作用标志识别和成因分析,采用残余地层厚度法、地貌法和印模法等技术手段对川东地区黄龙组古岩溶地貌进行恢复,从中划分出岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶盆地三个岩溶地貌单元和峰丛、溶沟、落水洞、坡地、谷地、浅洼、残丘和槽地等微地貌单元,在平面上细分出七个典型的古岩溶地貌分区,并对分区内的岩溶地貌特征进行了研究,认为不同古岩溶地貌分区所处的地理位置及微地貌单元组成特征具有明显差异,从而直接影响到天然气藏的发育。在此基础上,对川东地区古岩溶及储层发育控制因素进行了分析,认为构造、气候、岩性、层位、古地形、古水文条件和不同的岩溶地貌形态影响和控制着古岩溶储层的发育与区域分布。上述研究成果将为川东石炭系古岩溶型储层评价与有利区带优选提供可靠依据。     

塔里木盆地轮古西地区奥陶系残留地层古岩溶形成及储渗能力分析

塔里木盆地轮古西地区奥陶系地层受海西早期大幅度抬升影响,剥蚀厚度较大,古岩溶十分发育,仅存中晚奥陶世鹰山组及蓬莱坝组,并受岩性和地质构造控制,具有较好的储渗能力.通过对轮古西地区的地质背景、古岩溶状况进行了研究,探索了该地区古岩溶的形成机理、控制因素,并对其储渗能力进行了分析.     

Origin and karst geomorphological significance of the enigmatic Australian Nullarbor Plain ‘blowholes’

The Australian Nullarbor Plain, one of the world's largest limestone platforms (~200 000 km²), has few distinctive surface karst features for its size, but is known for its enigmatic ‘blowholes’, which can display strong barometric draughts. Thousands of these vertical tubes with decimetre–metre (dm–m) scale diameter puncture the largely featureless terrain. The cause and distribution of these has remained unclear, but they have been thought to originate from downward dissolution and/or salt weathering. To elucidate blowhole distribution and mode of formation we (i) correlated existing location data with Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, which distinguishes the subtle undulations (< 10 m per km) of the landscape, (ii) surveyed blowhole morphology and (iii) determined their rock surface hardness. Over a sampled area of 4200 km², the distribution of 615 known blowholes is not correlated with present topography. Blowholes are often connected to small or, in some cases extensive, but typically shallow cavities, which exhibit numerous ‘cupolas’ (dome‐shaped pockets) in their ceilings. Statistical arguments suggest that cavities with cupolas are common, but in only a few cases do these puncture the surface. Hardness measurements indicate that salt weathering is not their main cause. Our observations suggest that blowholes do not develop downwards, but occur where a cupola breaks through the surface. Lowering of the land surface is suggested to be the main cause for this breakthrough. Although cupolas may undergo some modification under the current climate, they, as well as the shallow caves they are formed in, are likely to be palaeokarst features formed under a shallower water table and wetter conditions in the past. The findings presented have implications for theories of dissolutional forms development in caves worldwide. The environmental history of the Nullarbor platform allows testing of such theories, because many other factors, which complicate karst evolution elsewhere, have not interfered with landform evolution here. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

略论广西古岩溶

本文探讨广西古岩溶期序及各期古岩溶发育特征。以构造运动名称命名,将广西古岩溶划分为:郁南—广西、柳江、黔桂、东吴、苏皖、印支等六个古岩溶期。它门的共同特点是:都保留有完好的古剥蚀面;剥蚀面上岩溶现象明显;其上沉积有剥蚀期的典型堆积物,诸如铝土岩(矿)、砾岩或砂砾岩等。其主要不同点是:剥蚀面下古岩溶发育强度和古溶洞层厚度有差异;溶洞充填物不同:剥蚀面的起伏高度相差较大,除印支期古剥蚀面起伏较大具古潜山性质外,其余各期古剥蚀面起伏都较小。古地形多属波状平原性质。     

广西中生代古岩溶成矿环境分析

岩溶作用是水对可溶性岩石进行的溶蚀作用，包括水的机械和崩塌作用以及物质的携出、转移和再沉积的综合地质作用。岩溶作用不但可以形成各种地表、地下岩溶形态和沉积堆积建造，同时在条件适合的情况下，还能聚积有用矿物形成矿床。因为岩溶成矿受特定条件的制约，并具有独特的环境特征。文章主要从构造的控矿性、可溶岩的含矿性、岩溶水的物化性状、热力学条件及聚矿空间的性质等，探讨广西中生代古岩溶的成矿环境，分析各种环境在岩溶成矿中的作用     

略论古岩溶不整合──以广西阳朔白沙堡晚白垩世岩溶为例

本文综述了岩溶不整合的内涵和研究意义，系统总结了古岩溶不整合的鉴别依据，把组成岩溶体系的改造形态（体）和建造作为主要标志：认为岩溶改造形态（体）有古个体形态标志和组合形态（体）──地形地貌标志，这些形态（体）应有岩溶建造充填或覆盖才有鉴定意义；还认为岩溶建造是确定岩溶不整合的主要依据，与建造同时形成的生物化石及同位素年龄是直接的关键证据：岩溶建造底部建造层中的溶积钙砾岩和溶积钙屑灰岩，两岩石系列中的岩石成因类型、结构构造、层面构造是确定古岩溶不整合面产状、古岩溶水流向的决定性标志；此外，古构造对岩溶和岩溶建造都有一定控制作用，有建造充填、覆盖，也是确定岩溶不整合的标志。