地震多元参数综合解释煤层结构

利用时间域和频率域的多元地震参数解释煤层结构属于岩性地震勘探范畴。将该技术用于陕北大保当勘探区,配合地质研究,成功地确定了2~(-2)煤层的结构变化情况,确定的煤层分叉线同单纯依靠地震解释或地质推断的煤层分叉线比较,精度明显提高。     

海陆过渡相地层有机质纳米孔成因及地质意义 ——以鄂尔多斯盆地东部山西组为例

海陆过渡相煤系地层已经发现丰富的非常规天然气资源。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地东部山西组煤系地层为例，通过开展微观特征分析及物理模拟实验，查明山西组主要孔隙类型为有机质孔隙、残余原生孔隙、不稳定矿物溶蚀孔、黏土矿物层间孔，认为黏土矿物层间孔和有机质纳米孔隙是页岩储集空间与常规砂岩储层的显著区别；山西组煤系地层广泛发育的有机质纳米孔，经过模拟实验认为形成于早期液态烃裂解气，随着原油沥青化，气泡被固化在沥青条带中形成纳米孔隙；集中发生在晚侏罗世至早白垩世末的异常热事件控制了裂解气生成的强度和范围，在此过程中沥青化产生的有机质纳米孔大幅度提高煤系地层非常规气储集空间和资源丰度。这一认识对于深入了解山西组煤系地层孔隙结构特征及非常规油气地质评价选区具有重要意义。     

The importance of grain size and shape in controlling the dispersion of the Vedde cryptotephra

Volcanic ash is dispersed in the atmosphere according to meteorology and particle properties, including size and shape. However, the multiple definitions of size and shape for non-spherical particles affect our ability to use physical particle properties to understand tephra transport. Moreover, although particles are often excluded from operational ash dispersion model setups, ash in tephra deposits 1000 km from source can exceed . Here we measure the shape and size of samples of Vedde ash from Iceland, an exceptionally widespread tephra layer in Europe, collected in Iceland and Norway. Using X-ray computed tomography and optical microscopy, we show that distal ash is more anisotropic than proximate ash, suggesting that shape exerts an important control on tephra dispersion. Shape also impacts particle size measurements. Particle long axis, a parameter often reported by tephrochronologists, is on average greater than geometric size, used by dispersion modellers. By using geometric size and quantifying shape, we can explain the transport of Vedde ash particles more than 1200 km from source. We define a set of best practices for measuring the size and shape of cryptotephra shards and discuss the benefits and limitations of using physical particle properties to understand cryptotephra transport.     

新时代煤炭绿色发展方向思考

煤炭仍是我国能源供给的根本保障,长期高强度开采带来了严重环境问题。新时代要求煤炭必须以绿色发展理念为引领,实现全产业链的绿色。依据我国绿色煤炭资源的特征,指出了煤炭资源的绿色勘查、绿色开发、绿色利用、恢复绿色过程中的核心问题与主攻方向:即绿色勘查的核心问题在于煤系多种能源矿产资源协同勘查的同时,减少对环境的扰动、破坏;煤矿绿色开采的核心是智能化开采;煤炭绿色利用的关键是要实现煤炭分级分质、梯级利用;恢复生态绿色要正确处理资源开采与生态环境保护之间的关系。     

Relationship of chemical fractions of heavy metals with microbial and enzyme activities in sludge and ash-amended acid lateritic soil from India

The influence of metals, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, on the microbial biomass and enzyme activities of an amended acid lateritic soil were investigated under field conditions receiving a one-time application of 52 t ha^–1 of sludge, coal ash and their mixtures at 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 proportions, and including control and chemical fertilizer treatment at crop-specific recommended doses. Paddies and peanuts were grown in the experimental plots and soil was sampled twice after 6 months and 1 year after amendment application. The heavy metals in the soil were fractionated using sequential extraction and the increments in their concentrations in amended soil with respect to the control were determined. Concentrations of Cd, Ni and Zn were determined to have increased in their mobile fractions and were more pronounced in soil collected during the second sampling, which was associated with a decrease in soil organic carbon. The size of the microbial biomass carbon and the soil enzyme activities increased with the addition of an amendment and was highest at equal proportions of coal ash and sludge. Further increase in the proportion of sludge resulted in a significant decrease in biomass carbon. Simple correlation revealed significant and strong negative relations of mobile fractions of Cd and Ni with the ratio between microbial biomass C and organic carbon in soil, while the organic carbon content and the pH were positively correlated. The microbial activities were determined to be sensitive to the concentrations of some heavy metals in mobile fractions and therefore indicated possibilities of being useful as indicators for evaluation of toxic effects of sludge-borne metals on soil organisms.     

煤田火区遥感四层空间探测方法

煤层自燃是一个动态变化的过程,随着自燃向不同方向扩大或缩小,其热场随着燃烧过程而发生空间变化。本文在研究煤田煤层自燃现象及其火区灾害特征的基础上,基于宁夏汝箕沟地区的四层空间遥感探测试验,总结了不同平台遥感方法的探测效果,提出了利用遥感方法实现地下煤田火区监测的有效方法。     

Laumontization and Secondary Pores of Sandstones in the Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous Coal Measures, off Northeast Honshu, Japan

Abstract. Sandstones with high reservoir quality occur in the Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous coal measures off Sanriku and Sohma in the Pacific coast of northeast Honshu. The sandstone porosity was generally produced by the dissolution of calcite cement and clastic grains such as feldspar and glassy volcanics. The most probable cause of dissolution is the organic acids generated from the maturation of coal and coaly matter in the deeply subsiding source area prior to thermogenic hydrocarbon generation. The pore fluid including organic acids dissolved calcite and clastic silicates to form a small amount of laumontite and kaolinite at around 60C. The acidic and not neutralized pore fluid was responsible for the formation of kaoli-nite. On the other hand, laumontite was formed when the acidic pore fluid was neutralized and then made alkaline after the reaction with minerals such as plagioclase, glassy volcanics and calcite cement. Therefore, laumontite and kaolinite generally occur separately. Laumontite is 0.6–4.6 % by volume, whereas kaolinite is 0.6–9.8 % and the sandstone porosity remains from 10 to 22 %. This type of laumontization after the secondary pore formation might not give a severe damage to the reservoir property of the Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous coal measures in the Pacific coast of northeast Honshu and indicates further exploration possibility.     

煤炭资源开发对土壤环境影响分析--以贵州六盘水为例

矿山开发是造成资源匮乏和环境问题的重要原因。矿山开发建设项目实施之前，应该对矿产开发的环境影响进行评估。煤炭资源开发对土壤环境的影响很显著。文章对典型的矿业城市——贵州省六盘水市进行研究，分析煤炭资源开发对土壤环境影响的几种表现形式，提出用机会成本法和恢复费用法对不利影响的损失进行评估，指出要切实减缓不利影响必须综合采取多种有效措施。煤炭资源开发对土壤环境的影响包括直接占用土地、污染土壤环境、引发次生地质灾害等方面。在此基础上，将不利影响归为两类：①占地损失，为不可逆影响，包含引起土壤直接被占用、淹没或破坏的各种影响因素。②土壤肥力损失，为可逆影响，是由于各种污染物进入土壤所引起的。对于前者，用机会成本法进行评估，在掌握拟建工程区土壤利用现状的基础上，计算土壤利用现值；同时要将估计年限的机会成本均纳入矿山开发建设的社会成本中。对于后者，用恢复费用法进行评估，需要了解土壤受影响之前的各项指标。文章最后指出，需要从开发开采技术、工程地质、“三废”处理、土地复垦、税收管理等各方面强化对不利影响的控制。     

基于遗传算法的煤层注水渗透特征参数反演

煤层注水是防治矿井冲击地压灾害发生的最有效的方法。确定煤层渗透特征参数，是合理确定注水工艺参数、有效控制防灾效果的关键，有很强的现实意义。遗传算法是全局收敛的方法，用该算法对煤体导水、贮水等渗透特征参数反演，方法稳定可靠。以观测水分增值与计算结果的相对偏差作为最优搜索目标函数，建立GA反演适应度函数及迭代收敛准则；GA操作采用无条件保护最优个体、种群个体无死亡及每个体只有1次参与交换机会等规则。提出通过对已知参数正向问题结果(水分增值)的反演计算，验证遗传算法精度。算例结果表明，繁衍迭代至第41代时，反演参数结果与理论参数几乎完全拟合。达到最优解，精度符合工程要求。