东秦岭花山复式岩基中蒿坪与金山庙花岗岩体岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素组成

蒿坪与金山庙花岗岩体位于华北陆块南缘,是熊耳山地区花山复式岩基的重要组成部分。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年显示,蒿坪岩体两个样品年龄为128.7±1.0Ma 和129.3±2.4Ma,金山庙岩体一个样品年龄为127.6±1.6Ma,均为早白垩世岩浆作用的产物。蒿坪岩体以发育碱性长石大斑晶为主要特征,主要组成矿物为碱性长石、斜长石、石英、黑云母和少量角闪石等,而金山庙岩体矿物组合则为碱性长石、斜长石、石英和黑云母。化学组成上二岩体均具高硅准铝、富碱高钾及富铁贫镁的特征,轻重稀土元素分馏显著,Eu异常较弱或无明显Eu异常,Eu/Eu^*为0.69~1.26,富集Cs、Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、Y等高场强元素,在成因类型上可归为I型花岗岩,其中金山庙岩体经历了更高程度的分离结晶作用(D.I.=96.6~97.3),应属高分异I型花岗岩。锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析结果显示,蒿坪岩体ε_Hf(t)为-10.2~-13.3,t_DM2为1.8 Ga~2.0 Ga,金山庙岩体ε_Hf(t) 为-13.3~-17.5,t_DM2为2.0~2.2Ga,表明二者的源区很可能是遭受了幔源或新生地壳改造的太华群古老基底物质。根据区域地质和全岩地球化学组成及产出动力地质背景的全面分析,表明蒿坪与金山庙岩体应形成于扬子陆块与华北陆块碰撞造山后的陆内伸展引张环境,是古特提斯构造域向古太平洋构造域转换体制下岩浆作用的产物。在成岩过程中,蒿坪和金山庙岩浆体系释放出大量富挥发组分(如F, Cl)的热液流体(特别是高分异的金山庙岩体),萃取富集了围岩中的成矿物质或是叠加改造了先期(印支期或燕山早期)形成的金矿床,使之运移至构造交汇部位规模性成矿。     

华北克拉通东北缘岩石圈深部物质组成的不均一性: 来自吉林南部中生代火山岩元素及Sr-Nd同位素地球化学的证据

本文报导了吉林南部果松组和三棵榆树组火山岩的全岩K-Ar和角闪石40Ar/39Ar定年结果和岩石地球化学资料,并讨论了吉林南部早白垩世火山岩岩浆源区性质以及空间变异.定年结果显示,果松组和三棵榆树组火山岩的形成时代分别为130.2±0.3Ma和118.3±1.9Ma.果松组火山岩主要由玄武岩-玄武质粗面安山岩-粗面安山岩-英安岩组成;它们的SiO2含量介于46%～64%,Mg#介于31～50之间,Al2O3含量介于14.9%～18.9%之间,全碱含量(Na2O+K2O)介于4.61%～9.23%之间,属于亚碱性系列,具钙碱性演化趋势;并以富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)和轻稀土元素(LREEs),亏损重稀土元素(HREEs)和Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSEs)为特征;(87Sr/88Sr)i值和εNd(t)值分别介于0.7065～0.7077和-2.67～-19.71之间.果松组火山岩的成分具有较好的空间变异趋势,由东向西,火山岩的基性程度增高,东部果松组火山岩具有较高的(87Sr/86Sr)i值,而西部具有较低的εNd(t)值.三棵榆树组火山岩由粗面安山岩和粗面英安岩组成;三棵榆树组火山岩的SiO2含量介于55.5%～65.8%之间,Mg#介于42～50,Al2O3含量介于15.0%～15.7%,全碱含量偏高(Na2O+K2O=6.93%～9.24%),主体属于亚碱性系列,具钙碱性系列的演化趋势;并以较高的Th/U(5.36～5.82)、Ba/Nb(50.2～120.0)、(La/Yb)N(32.9～47.9)和Sr/Y(50.0～72.4)比值为特征;它们的(87Sr/86Sr)i值和εnd(t)值分别变化于0.7056～0.7057和-8.99～-19.71之间.上述特征揭示,果松组火山岩(130Ma)的形成主要与古太平洋板块的俯冲作用有关,岩浆来源于受流体/熔体交代的地幔楔,东西部受到不同程度陆壳物质的混染.与果松组火山岩相比,三棵榆树组火山岩(118Ma)形成于俯冲背景下的相对引张环境,岩浆来源于受交代的岩石圈地幔,但受到深部陆壳物质的混染.     

西藏多龙矿集区尕尔勤斑岩铜矿床年代学及地球化学——兼论硅帽的识别与可能的浅成低温热液矿床

尕尔勤斑岩铜矿床是多龙超大型铜金矿集区内具有较大找矿潜力的矿床之一。本文以尕尔勤斑岩铜矿区内成矿花岗闪长斑岩及新发现的硅帽为研究对象,进行了矿床年代学、地球化学及找矿方向研究工作。尕尔勤矿床花岗闪长斑岩SiO_2含量在60.01%~62.81%之间,K_2O含量在1.86%~2.16%之间,Al_2O_3含量在15.12%~16.51%之间,属于钙碱性岩石系列。斑岩体锆石U-Pb年龄为124.4±0.4Ma(MSWD=0.42,n=25),属于早白垩世侵位;锆石εHf(t)值主要集中于1.15~9.71之间,tDMc模式年龄主要集中于559~1105Ma之间,表明岩浆岩区起源于具有幔源特征的深成熔体,而个别负εHf(t)值(-18.65,-19.75)的出现表明其受到了古老成熟地壳的轻微混染。斑岩体稀土元素显示为重稀土亏损的右倾分布型式,在原始地幔标准化图解中微量元素显示为Rb、Th、U、Sr等大离子亲石元素相对富集,而Nb、Ta、Ti、P、Zr等高场强元素相对亏损特征,体现出岛弧岩浆特有的地球化学特征,综合研究表明矿床形成与班公湖-怒江洋北向俯冲密切相关。硅帽中角砾状样品与层纹状(致密块状)样品地球化学特征具有明显区别,发育较少的层纹状硅帽样品可能为热水沉积与生物化学沉积共同作用形成的硅质岩,而大量存在的角砾状硅帽体现出明显热液充填交代成因特点,经地球化学剖面测量显示硅帽展布区域Cu、Au、Ag、Pb、Zn、As、Sb等成矿指示元素异常明显,结合高光谱矿物识别表明该区域存在浅成低温热液型矿床的巨大可能性,具有重要的勘查指示意义。     

Mount Etna eruptions of the last 2,750 years: revised chronology and location through archeomagnetic and <Superscript>226</Superscript>Ra-<Superscript>230</Superscript>Th dating

A careful re-examination of the well-known written documents pertaining to the 2,750-year-long historical period of Mount Etna was carried out and their interpretation checked through the high-accuracy archeomagnetic method (>1,200 large samples), combined with the ²²⁶Ra-²³⁰Th radiochronology. The magnetic dating is based upon secular variation of the direction of the geomagnetic field (DGF) and estimated to reach a precision of  ±40 years for the last 1,200 years, and ±100 to 200 years up to circa 150 B.C. Although less precise, the ²²⁶Ra-²³⁰Th method provides a unique tool for distinguishing between historic and prehistoric lavas, which in some cases might have similar DGFs. We show that despite the abundance of details on ancient historical eruptions, the primary sources of information are often too imprecise to identify their lava flows and eruptive systems. Most of the ages of these lavas, which are today accepted on the geological maps and catalogues, were attributed in the 1800s on the basis of their morphology and without any stratigraphical control. In fact, we found that 80% of the “historically dated” flows and cones prior to the 1700s are usually several hundreds of years older than recorded, the discrepancies sometimes exceeding a millennium. This is proper the case for volcanics presumed of the “1651 east” (actually ∼1020), “1595” (actually two distinct flows, respectively, ∼1200 and ∼1060), “1566” (∼1180), “1536” (two branches dated ∼1250 and ∼950), “1444” (a branch dated ∼1270), “1408” (lower branches dated ∼450 and ∼350), “1381” (∼1160), “1329” (∼1030), “1284” (∼1450 and ∼700), “1169 or 812” (∼1000) eruptions. Conversely, well-preserved cones and flows that are undated on the maps were produced by recent eruptions that went unnoticed in historical accounts, especially during the Middle Ages. For the few eruptions that are recorded between A.D. 252 and 750 B.C., none of their presumed lava flows shows a DGF in agreement with that existing at their respective dates of occurrence, most of these flows being in fact prehistoric. The cinder cones of Monpeloso (presumed “A.D. 252”) and Mt. Gorna (“394 B.C.”), although roughly consistent magnetically and radiochronologically with their respective epochs, remain of unspecified age because of a lack of precision of the DGF reference curve at the time. It is concluded that at the time scale of the last millennia, Mount Etna does not provide evidence of a steady-state behavior. Periods of voluminous eruptions lasting 50 to 150 years (e.g., A.D. 300–450, 950–1060, 1607–1669) are followed by centuries of less productive activity, although at any time a violent outburst may occur. Such a revised history should be taken into account for eruptive models, magma output, internal plumbing of the volcano, petrological evolution, volcano mapping and civil protection.     

May-June precipitation reconstruction of southwestern Anatolia, Turkey during the last 900 years from tree rings

A May-June precipitation reconstruction (AD 1097-2000) has been developed for southwestern Anatolia in Turkey, the longest reported to date in this region. The reconstruction was derived from a regional Juniperus excelsa chronology that was built from material sampled at four sites in the Antalya and Mersin Districts. The regional tree-ring chronology accounts for 51% of the variance of instrumentally observed May-June precipitation. The years AD 1518 to 1587 are the most humid period in the reconstruction, coinciding with a major shift in European climate. The driest 70-year period in the reconstruction is AD 1195 to 1264. The period AD 1591-1660 represents the third driest and was characterized by instability climatically, politically, and socially in Anatolia.     

Assessment of 210Pb data from Canadian lakes using the CIC and CRS models

 Much discussion has centered around which ²¹⁰Pb dating method should be used, the constant initial concentration (CIC) model or the constant rate of supply (CRS) model. In this study, the activity data from 22 lacustrine sediment cores from the Canadian prairies were used to compare the determination of sediment accumulation using the two models. Other relative and absolute dating techniques have been used to calibrate the methodology. For half of the core sites examined, the mass sedimentation rate was constant, and thus both the CIC and CRS models were found to be valid. For the other half, variability was observed in the CRS mass accumulation rate trend. The validity of the CIC model for these cores was dependent on the degree of variability of the mass sedimentation rate. Where the variability is moderate to high, the CRS model may be more satisfactory. Caution should be exercised when using chronological data determined with the CRS model, however, as the accuracy of chronology in the lower reaches of a profile is questionable. Received: 11 May 1995 · Accepted: 16 August 1995     

PROGRESS IN STUCIES ON STRIKE-SLIP CHRONOLOGY OF THE TAN-LU FAULT ZONE

郯庐断裂带经过长期的研究，取得许多成果，但在年代学上还存在严重的分歧及缺乏严格定时的证据，尤以确定走滑剪切运动的时限争纷更甚。走滑剪切运动是一个非瞬间又非均匀的过程。依据作者近年内进行的专门工作及现有的各种材料，从地质年代学及同位素年代学两方面研究成果的分析。郯庐断裂带在晚侏罗世末期（１４０Ｍａ左右）开始产生剪切破裂井大规模左行平移，直至早白垩世晚期（１１０Ｍａ左右）又有一次重要的走滑剪切运动。左行走滑运动延续约３０Ｍａ。随后郯庐断裂带进入以伸展为主的构造运动。从始新世中期（４５Ｍａ左右），它又转化为多次受挤压兼小幅度右滑的运动。     

Ar–Ar ages of intrusions in East Greenland: Rift-to-drift transition over the Iceland hotspot

Sixteen ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar ages are presented for alkaline intrusions to appraise prolonged post-breakup magmatism of the central East Greenland rifted margin, the chronology of rift-to-drift transition, and the asymmetry of magmatic activity in the Northeast Atlantic Igneous Province. The alkaline intrusions mainly crop out in tectonic and magmatic lineaments orthogonal to the rifted margin and occur up to 100 km inland. The area south of the Kangerlussuaq Fjord includes at least four tectonic lineaments and the intrusions are confined to three time windows at 56–54 Ma, 50–47 Ma and 37–35 Ma. In the Kangerlussuaq Fjord, which coincides with a major tectonic lineament possibly the failed arm of a triple junction, the alkaline plutons span from 56 to 40 Ma. To the north and within the continental flood basalt succession, alkaline intrusions of the north–south trending Wiedemann Fjord–Kronborg Gletscher lineament range from 52 to 36 Ma.

We show that post-breakup magmatism of the East Greenland rifted margin can be linked to reconfiguration of spreading ridges in the Northeast Atlantic. Northwards propagation of the proto-Kolbeinsey ridge rifted the Jan Mayen micro-continent away from central East Greenland and resulted in protracted rift-to-drift transition. The intrusions of the Wiedemann Fjord–Kronborg Gletscher lineament are interpreted as a failed continental rift system and the intrusions of the Kangerlussuaq Fjord as off-axis magmatism. The post-breakup intrusions south of Kangerlussuaq Fjord occur landward of the Greenland–Iceland Rise and are explained by mantle melting caused first by the crossing of the central East Greenland rifted margin over the axis of the Iceland mantle plume (50–47 Ma) and later by uplift associated with regional plate-tectonic reorganization (37–35 Ma). The Iceland mantle plume was instrumental in causing protracted rift-to-drift transition and post-breakup tholeiitic and alkaline magmatism on the East Greenland rifted margin, and asymmetry in the magmatic history of the conjugate margins of the central Northeast Atlantic.     

砾石钙膜显微纹层定年方法及黄河黑山峡高阶地形成年代厘定

砾石钙膜是一种在干旱—半干旱环境中形成，反映环境和气候变化的沉积物，保留了比较完整的环境和气候信息，可用来分析古气候和测定形成年代．本通过砾石钙膜的沉积原理讨论，认为钙膜中的显微明暗纹层变化反映了气候变化过程，其明暗度变化曲线可与其它测年方法(深海岩芯氧同位素曲线、黄土剖面粒度曲线、古地磁变化、构造事件等)作对比，得到其形成年代的信息．而砾石钙膜形成年代可代表所在地貌面的年龄．本以此方法对黄河黑山峡高阶地的形成时代进行了厘定．     

东太平洋下中新统底栖有孔虫碳稳定同位素移位事件的年代学意义

取自东太平洋的ＣＣ４８柱状样的底栖有孔虫δ＾１３Ｃ研究结果表明，该柱状样下，中新统地层至少存在３个碳移位事件，这些事件完全能与Ｌｏｕｉｔ等（１９８３）剖面相比较，它们为该孔的地层划分提供了依据，为区域对比提供了标准，为古地磁地层学和古生物地层学研究结果的正确与否提供良好判别标志。通过这一对比研究，可以推定δ＾１３Ｃ地层是未来高分辨地层的主要研究方向之一。