Simulation on slope uncertainty derived from DEMs at different resolution levels： a case study in the Loess Plateau

Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning, especially in the Loess Plateau area of China which is suffering from serious soil erosion. DEM based slope extracting method has been widely accepted and applied in practice. However slope accuracy derived from this method usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope data uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. This paper focuses on how resolution and terrain complexity impact on the accuracy of mean slope extracted from DEMs of different resolutions in the Loess Plateau of China. Six typical geomorphologic areas are selected as test areas, representing different terrain types from smooth to rough. Their DEMs are produced from digitizing contours of 1:10,000 scale topographic maps. Field survey results show that 5 m should be the most suitable grid size for representing slope in the Loess Plateau area. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. A linear correlativity between mean slope and DEM resolution was found at all test areas, but their regression coefficients related closely with the terrain complexity of the test areas. If taking stream channel density to represent terrain complexity, mean slope error could be regressed against DEM resolution (X) and stream channel density (S) at 8 resolution levels and expressed as(0.0015S2 0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S 0.1625, with a R2 value of over 0.98. Practical tests also show an effective result of this model in applications. The new development methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation.     

双核结构模式形成的自然基础

The dual-nuclei spatial structurs is composed of a regional central city,a port city and their spatial relations in certain regions.In general,this spatial structure could be found in most of the coastal regions or regions along big rivers.In terms of the mechanism,the dual-nuclei structure is the result of the spatial interaction and the complementary characteristics of the center city and the port city.The “marginal function” of the port city and its relationship with the central city has long been discussed in the literature.On the one hand,drainage area is the main natural grographical background of the formation of the dual-nuclei spatial structure;therefore,we can build a theoretical geographic structure that is based on the drainage area.On the other hand,vicissitude of the coastline also has important influence on the formation of the dual-nuclei spatial structure.It is especially meaningful if we can notice this when we examine deeply the research on the spatial structure of delta.     

三峡坝区河谷深槽地貌特征及其成因

This paper describes valley bottom troughs of the Changjiang River and infers the geomorphologic development of troughs. Based on the morphology of the troughs, the following conclusions are drawn. (1) The deep troughs on the Three Gorges valley bottom are formed by river downcutting along the structural zones on the background of regional tectonic uplift at about 40-30 ka BP. (2) When river downcutting occurred in the river bed of Changjiang, the jets current (particularly eddy current) with a large number of pebbles ground and eroded the valley bottom, resulting in trough formation and deepening. Meanwhile, water currents with gravels and pebbles eroded the bank and the left wall of No.76 trough as well as the right wall of No.77 trough by striking, scouring, horizontal and vertical grinding. (3) The depth of the trough is mainly determined by the intensity of the water current and the consistency of bedrock against erosion, and is not controlled hv the altihlde of the sea level as the base level of erosion.     

数字海底地形分割算法

根据不同海底地形特征,提出了基于多波束测量数据进行海底地形分割的"三态值模型"法,其步骤包括:将地形数据滤波和网格化;利用"3×3"差分算子计算各节点的梯度;利用最大梯度追踪算法检测正负地形与平缓地形的分界线;利用"三态值"算法识别正、负和平缓地形。应用该方法对胶州湾实验海区多波束实测数据处理结果表明,该方法切实可行,能够对数字海底地形准确地进行快速分割。     

浅谈电视天气节目画面设计

电视天气预报节目中的画面设计一向是一个难题,由于受节目风格、各地地形、广告画面、技术水平等方面的限制,往往花了大量时间和精力也不能达到满意的效果。现就画面设计问题浅述如下。     

地形性中尺度环流的数值模拟及验证

建立了一个高分辨三维边界层诊断模式以模拟下垫面热力和动力的 非均匀性对边界层结构的影响。模式模拟了广东大亚湾核电站厂址区域（12 km×12 km） 47个典型天气系统下的地形性中尺度环流,其大坑的模拟风向、风速和温度与观测值 相比,风向差小于17.5#+[o]的概率为87.5%,风速比值在0.7～1.3之间的概率为72.9%, 温度差小于0.4#+[o]C的概率为72.9%。     

缓慢移动性Rossby波与大尺度地形的近共振相互作用

通过考虑西风角动量（基本气流的二阶修正）对缓慢移动性Rossby波的反馈作用,建立起缓慢移动性Rossby波与大尺度地形近共振相互作用的理论模型,使用4阶Runge-Kutta方法对该模型进行数值计算可以发现,缓慢移动性Rossby波与大尺度地形近共振相互作用,可以使缓慢移动性Rossby波和西风角动量产生30～60 d的低频振荡。在高纬度地区（60oN）,30～60 d低频振荡主要以缓慢西移的1波为主;而在中纬度地区30～60 d低频振荡主要表现为1～3波,其中1波可以是缓慢东移的,也可以是缓慢西移的,而2波主要表现为缓慢向西移动,3波为缓慢向东移动。     

地形对镇平县降水的影响

统计结果表明,镇平年水量较四周邻县偏少。这和镇平地形对降水的影响有关：降水时镇平多为东北风,由于镇平地形为北高南低,致使东北气流下沉,从而对降水产生抑制和减幅作用;盛夏,受副高和山谷风环流影响,南阳盆地腹地常有一条东北西南向的地形切变线,镇平处在切变线西北侧的偏西气流中,地面偏西气流对降水有抑制作用。     

中尺度地形对大气铅直运动和强降水的影响

本文概略地综述了关于地形（特别是中尺度地形）强迫在大气扰动的一些经典工作,它们都是由简化的理想情况引出的一些基本物理概念和原理,但这些知识有助于我们科学地去思考和解释那些更具体复杂的现象,文中还着重对地形扰动中的铅直运动作一些定性推论和讨论,因不它对强降水的触发,加强和持续有地接影响,此外还联系到长江流域的一些有关的观测现象和问题.     

黄河上海地区地形对大气流场的影响

本利用黄河上游流域１３个气象台站的地面资料及相关站的高空风资料,分析了流域地形对大气流场的影响,得到以下主要结果;（１）流域内地形对气流具有引导作用,近地面气流受局地地形影响较大。（２）夏季５００ｈＰａ高空风状况在有降水和无降水情况下呈现较大差异。（３）地面年平均风速在流域内有三个高值区,均位于地热,较为开阔的山间平地中。（４）地面年平均风速随海拔高度的升高呈现增大的特点。