CONCENTRATION AND FLUX OF CO_2, TURBULENCE FLUXES AND RADIATION BALANCE IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYER OVER WHEAT FIELD

The gradient of CO_2 concentration, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). net radiation.soil heat flux, profiles of wind speed, and air temperature and humidity were measured above awheat field during May and June 1985 at Beijing Agro-Ecosystems Experimental Station. Beijing,China. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, sensible heat, latent heat and momentum were calculated byusing the aerodynamic method. The observation site. equipment, calibration techniques, theerrors associated with the measurement, and the computational procedures are described. Theresults show that the diurnal variations of amplitude of CO_2 concentrations were 103.8 to 27. 0. 86.3 to 22.8 and 69.8 to 11.6 ppm: the average CO_2 concentrations were 331.5. 339.9 and 364.6 ppmfor the photosynthesis type, and 369.6. 364.0 and 375.2 ppm for the respiration type at 1. 2 and10 m above surface, respectively, from May 14 to June 15. In the daytime, transfer direction ofthe CO_2 fluxes and gradients is from air to crop canopy, and at noon (1100 to 1300 BT (BeijingTime)) the transfer rate reaches negative maximum value. At night, transfer of CO_2 fluxes andgradients is in the reversed direction and reaches positive maximum in the early morning (0400 to0600 BT). There are strong negative correlations between CO_2 flux and the net radiation (Rn),available energy (H LE). photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and momentum flux (τ).     

On cumulus-scale transport of horizontal momentum in monsoon depression over India

A diagnostie method of cumulus parameterization is suggested in which vertical transport of horizontal momentum by cumulus-scale is derived by making use of large-scale vorticity as well as divergence budget equations. Data for composite monsoon depression over India available from our earlier studies used to test the method. As a first approximation, the results are obtained using only the vorticity budget equation.The results show that in the southwest sector of the monsoon depression, which is characterized by maximum cloudiness and precipitation, there is an excess of cyclonic vorticity in the lower troposphere and anticyclonic vorticity in the upper troposphere associated with the large-scale motion. The distribution of eddy vertical transport of horizontal momentum is such that anticyclonic vorticity is generated in the lower troposphere and cyclonic vorticity aloft. Cumulus-scale eddies thus work against the large-scale system and tend to off-set the large-scale imbalance in vorticity.     

On the role of the Asian monsoon in the angular momentum and kinetic energy balances of the tropics

The balance conditions of relative angular momentum and time-mean kinetic energy and their annual variations are studied for the Northern Hemisphere tropical belt. The belt is divided into two roughly equal size parts, the monsoon and the extramonsoon regions. The data used consist of all available daily rawinsonde reports from the world areological network for the two 5-year periods 1958–63 and 1968–73.In winter, the trade winds in the monsoon and extramonsoon regions are both sources of westerly relative angular momentum for the middle latitude circulation. However, it is found that the angular momentum gained in the extramonsoon region of the Tropics is mostly destroyed by a net southward flow of mass in that region, and becomes regenerated in the monsoon region by a net northward flow of mass there. This excess of angular momentum together with the angular momentum picked up locally in the monsoon region is almost all exported across its northern boundary. It is further found that in winter the Tropics are also an important source of mean kinetic energy for middle latitudes. Again almost all export of kinetic energy was found to take place across the northern boundary of the monsoon sector. Most of this energy must be generated through the pressure gradient term inside the monsoon region itself, the transformation from transient eddy kinetic energy being very small. The proper evaluation of the pressure gradient appears to be the main stumbling block in the present study, preventing us from estimating the generation and thereby, as a residual, the frictional dissipation in the two regions.In summer, the extramonsoon region remains a source of angular momentum, but the monsoon region with its surface westerlies acts as a sink, leading to a sharp reduction (and even a midsummer reversal) of the export into middle latitudes. Also the export of mean kinetic energy almost vanishes in summer, except for a small southward transfer across the equator. The calculations for two 5-year periods give very similar estimates and thereby show the reliability of the results.Parts of this paper were presented at the International Symposium on Monsoons, March 7–12, 1977 in New Delhi, India.     

Histological and Histochemical Analyses of the Cuttlebone Sac of the Golden Cuttlefish Sepia esculenta

The secretion function of mantle is closely related to shell formation in some bivalves and gastropods. Up to now, few researches have been reported for cuttlebone formation in the class Cephalopoda. In this study, the structure and secretion function of cuttlebone sac of the golden cuttlefish Sepia esculenta was analyzed using the histological and histochemical methods. The results showed that high and columnar cells located in sac epithelium, and flat cells existed near the base membrane. A lot of fibroblasts were found in the lateral mantle collective tissue. Some mucus, mucopolysaccharide and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were found in the sac. The ultrastructural characteristics of Quasi-connective-tissue-calcium cells (QCTCC) were observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The relationship between cuttlebone sac secretion function and shell formation was discussed.     

Elastic waves at a corrugated interface between two dissimilar fibre‐reinforced elastic half‐spaces

The reflection and transmission phenomena of elastic waves incident at a corrugated interface between two dissimilar fibre‐reinforced elastic half‐spaces have been analysed. Using Rayleigh method of approximation, the expressions of the reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained in closed form for the plane interface as well as for the first order approximation of the periodic interface ζ = d cos px. All these reflection and transmission coefficients of regular and irregular waves are found to be the functions of angle of incidence and elastic parameters of the media. Moreover, the coefficients of irregularly reflected and transmitted waves are found to be proportional to the amplitude of the corrugated interface and are functions of the frequency of the incident wave. Numerical computations have been performed for a specific model to compute these coefficients and results obtained are shown graphically. The results of Singh and Singh (Sadhana 2004; 29 :249–257) and Ben‐Menahem and Singh (Seismic Waves and Sources. Springer: New York) have been derived from our analysis as particular cases. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HSDPA技术中HARQ协议分析

针对HSDPA的目标,围绕HARQ技术进行研究,给出了N信道停等协议的性能分析及操作原理说明.结论是SAWARQ操作机制简单、信令开销少.而且通过增加并行操作的子信道数,可以做到提高吞吐量,减少传输时延的作用,同时还能降低接收端对缓冲容量的要求.     

频率可切换的矩形缝隙环频率选择表面

基于金属屏上周期排列的缝隙单元结构的通带特性,提出矩形缝隙环(Rectangular Slot Ring,RSR)加载短路线的单元结构实现频率可调频率选择表面(Frequency Selective Surface,FSS).谐振缝隙单元开路与短路时相对应的谐振频率分别为13 GHz和15 GHz.RSR-FSS选用Rogers RO4003介质作为基板,按照12×12的方阵进行周期排列,利用全波电磁仿真软件CST对其进行了电磁传输特性仿真.最终,通过实验验证了该频率选择表面在Ku波段通过连通和断开短路线可以进行频率的切换.     

利用浅海的声传播损失反演海面风速

声信号在浅海环境传播时,经过海面风浪的不断散射,传播损失会相应改变。本文通过分析声传播损失计算海面波高,利用风浪充分成长时波高与风速的关系,对海面风速进行反演,并针对声速剖面在有无跃层两种情况下反演过程的异同进行讨论。利用模拟仿真与2013年黄海声传播实验数据对其进行了验证,结果表明此方法是有效的。     

水平轴潮流能叶轮尖速比特性分析研究

针对设计尖速比对水平轴潮流能叶轮动力特性的影响问题开展研究工作。基于叶素-动量理论建立叶轮动力特性仿真模型,以叶片数量分别为2、3、4的叶轮为对象,考察设计尖速比对叶轮的功率系数的影响。研究结果表明:设计尖速比越大的叶轮,其最大效率也越高;叶片数量多的叶轮,其功率系数略优于叶片数量少的叶片。结合分析结果,给出了水平轴潮流能叶轮的设计尖速比的选择建议。