Deposition of duststorm particles during 2000–2012 in the South Yellow Sea,China based on satellite data

In this study,about 220 satellite images between 2000 and 2012 were obtained from FY-series,MODIS,CBERS,HJ-1A and HJ-1B to estimate the impact of duststorms on the South Yellow Sea(SYS),which serve as an important source of particles there.The analyzing results from the images support a total occurrence of 88 duststorms(including the locally-generated dusty weather) that affected the SYS during 2000–2012.The annual occurrence was about 4–10 times(10 times in 2000 and 2004;four times in 2009 and 2012),predominantly in March(29%),April(33%) and May(22%).By mapping the distribution of their frequency,the duststorms influencing the SYS were found primarily moving from the northwest(39 times,44.3%) and west(37 times,42%) to the study region with only 11 duststorms(12.5%) coming from the north and 1 duststorm(1%) from the southwest.We estimated that an annual amount of 0.5–3.5 million tons of sediment particles was brought to the SYS by the duststorms during 2000–2012.     

2002年3月19日强沙尘暴预报与服务

2002年3月19日甘肃出现的首场强沙尘暴天气,其影响范围之广,强度之大为近10a来我国少见。对这次强沙尘暴天气过程的预报服务,做到了预报准确,服务及时,受到全社会的肯定和赞扬。     

甘肃河西走廊中部近45 a来大风沙尘暴气候背景分析

 统计了1960—2004年甘肃河西走廊中部张掖市6个气象站近45 a的实测大风沙尘暴资料,详细分析了该市大风沙尘暴天气的时空分布及形成原因,并归纳出其形成的大气环流形势特征和影响系统。     

杭州市区空气污染物变化特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用2002—2007年杭州市区空气污染物监测资料,根据杭州周边城市的每日环境空气质量,结合不同污染类型和气象资料,分析市区空气污染物变化特征及与气象条件的关系。结果表明,市区环境空气质量中污染天数出现频率逐年减少,空气质量正在好转,主要是首要污染物PM_(10)的浓度呈现逐年降低的趋势。在三种污染类型中大范围连续污染类型中的较重污染出现天数比其他两种污染类型多一半,大范围连续污染类型时PM_(10)浓度是最高的,个别污染类型时最低,PM_(10)浓度分别为0.256 mg·m~(-3)和0.177 mg·m~(-3)。不同类型与不同天气形势的关系比较密切。杭州市区污染出现频率存在明显的季节变化,冬季最高,夏季最低,污染频率分别为25.6%和3.6%。不同污染类型中个别污染类型出现最多,局地连续污染类型出现最少,出现频率分别为40.7%和29.9%。不同季节不同污染类型的出现频率相差较大,局地连续污染冬季出现频率较高,个别污染在春季出现较多,大范围连续污染在秋季出现较多。夏季的空气质量最好,只有少数的个别污染出现。在不同级别污染中,Ⅲ1级(轻微污染)主要是个别污染类型,Ⅲ2级(轻度污染)和Ⅳ1级(中度污染)污染主要是大范围连续污染类型,而Ⅳ2级(中度重污染)和Ⅴ级(重度污染)污染出现时主要是受到沙尘暴影响或春节烟花爆竹燃放影响的个别污染类型。     

大气边界层强风的阵性和相干结构

我国北方春季冷锋过境后,常骤发强风,甚至起沙扬尘,持续数小时甚至一二天,通过对边界层超声风温仪的资料分析,可知大风常叠加有周期为3～6 min的阵风,较有规律,且有明显的相干结构:阵风风速峰期有下沉运动,谷期有上升运动;阵风扰动以沿平均流的顺风方向分量为主,横向和垂直方向的分量都较小,其本质是低频次声波和重力波的混合;阵风沿顺风向且向下传播.周期小于1 min的脉动在水平面上基本是各向同性的不规则的湍涡.大风期间,无论是平均流、阵风和湍流脉动,至少在120 m高度以下,主要都有西风和北风动量下传,感热上传.平均流的动量下传强于由脉动下传的量,与一般天气情况不同,而且阵风与湍流的动量下传的量值差不多.平均流和阵风在动量传送上起相当大的作用.     

一次强沙尘暴过程中干空气侵入的数值模拟和诊断分析

利用非静力MM5模式对2004年3月26-28日主要发生在内蒙古中部偏北地区的强沙尘暴天气进行了数值模拟，并利用模式输出结果对这次过程进行了干空气侵入的诊断和分析。模拟和诊断分析结果表明，此次强沙尘暴过程中有明显的干空气侵入，这种干空气侵入将对流层高层高位涡带入低层，促进了对流层低层气旋及对流运动的发展，继而引起强沙尘暴的发生。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FRONTOGENESIS FORCED BY DUST RADIATIVE HEATING

In this paper,the frontogenesis forced by dust radiative heating and the radiative effects of an isolated duststorrn ona frontal circulation system are examined by means of two-and three-dimensional numerical models.Results indicatethat as a duststorm breaks out, frontogenesis is caused in by dust radiative heating in the lower atmosphere.A markedisentropic potential temperature layer is formed in the middle troposphere.The low-level convergence occurs along thedirection of the front movement.Atnight,dust radiative cooling results in frontolysis in the lower atmosphere.An obvious vertical circulation is forced by radiative heating of an isolated duststorm along the direction of the pre-vailing wind.It is stronger at day,weaker and reverse at night.The response of the horizontal wind field to dust radiativeforcing is different at different levels.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FRONTOGENESIS FORCED BY DUST RADIATIVE HEATING*

In this paper,the frontogenesis forced by dust radiative heating and the radiative effects of an isolated duststorrn on a frontal circulation system are examined by means of two-and three-dimensional numerical models.Results indicate that as a duststorm breaks out,frontogenesis is caused in by dust radiative heating in the lower atmosphere.A marked isentropic potential temperature layer is formed in the middle troposphere.The low-level convergence occurs along the direction of the front movement.Atnight,dust radiative cooling results in frontolysis in the lower atmosphere.An obvious vertical circulation is forced by radiative heating of an isolated duststorm along the direction of the prevailing wind.It is stronger at day,weaker and reverse at night.The response of the horizontal wind field to dust radiative forcing is different at different levels.     

蒙古气旋爆发性发展导致的强沙尘暴个例研究

对2001年4月6～7日发生在中国北方的一次强沙尘暴过程,从沙尘源、干旱气候背景、天气系统及起沙和扬沙的动力机制进行了初步研究,揭示了强沙尘暴与蒙古气旋和高空急流活动的关系.得出:位于内蒙古西部的巴丹吉林沙漠和中部的浑善达克沙地,是沙尘暴的主要沙尘源区;持续两年的干旱是强沙尘暴形成的气候背景;蒙古气旋的爆发性发展和冷锋后大风是起沙的主要动力;湍流输送和高空急流出口区左侧气流辐散强迫形成的干对流上升气流是沙尘向高空输送的动力机制等结论.作者认为强沙尘暴是挟带大量沙尘的强干对流风暴.     

TRAJECTORY ANALYSES OF THE DUSTSTORMS OVER EAST ASIA*

The transports of dust are calculated using 3-dimensional(3-D) trajectory method for three cases of duststorms in the terrain-following coordinate system,and the synoptic processes are also discussed for each case.The case of 17-20 April 1980,a severe duststorm was associated with the rapid development of a cyclone over the Mongolia Plateau.The dust moved from west to east across several deserts,formed a typical dust path in spring.The other two were weaker and the dust was triggered by the strong wind behind the cold front from northwest or north.Because the vertical velocity is considered in 3-D trajectory analysis,trajectories calculated should better reveal the transport rule of the dust particles and the results seem to be more consistent with the synoptic processes.The trajectory analysis on the 2-D isobaric surfaces is simpler but can be used only in the conditions with weak vertical wind shear and weak vertical velocity.The difference of trajectories at lower levels between two methods may be caused by the different treatment of orography.