Geochemical and Spatial Appraisal of Fluoride in the Soils of Indo‐Gangetic Plains of India Using Multivariate Analysis

The geochemical characteristics and the spatial distribution of the fluoride were studied in the soils of Indo‐Gangetic plains using multivariate analysis. The fluoride (F) distribution in soil profiles and surface soil (0–15 cm) samples were studied. It was found that total fluoride (TF) in the profiles ranged from 248 to 786 mg kg^?1 with a mean of 515.1 mg kg^?1 whereas CaCl₂ extractable soluble fluoride (F_Ca) was found to be in the range of 1.68 to 99.1 mg F kg^?1 soil. On the other hand, in surface soils, the TF and F_Ca ranged from 118 to 436 mg kg^?1 with a mean of 251.2 mg kg^?1 and 1.01 to 5.05 mg kg^?1 with a mean of 2.12 mg kg^?1, respectively, in the study area. The principal component analysis revealed that the natural weathering of fluoride bearing rock and minerals, various ion‐exchange and dissolution processes in the soil, alkalinity, sodium adsorption ratio, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and clay contents of the soil are responsible for high fluoride occurrence in the area. The fluoride contamination index developed by using these factors could explain more than 76% variance of F contamination due to F_Ca in soils. The interpolated kriged map of F_Ca in surface soil indicated a distinct loop of 1.0–2.0, 2.0–3.0, 3.0–4.0, and >4.0 mg kg^?1.     

高原地区农作物水热指标与特点的研究进展

通过对作物农业气象条件鉴定、作物农业气象试验研究、作物生态气候适应性分析和作物农业气候区划以及农业气象灾害调查记载对比评估分析等手段, 整理和总结了髙原地区7种粮食作物、6种经济作物、6种特色作物、7种瓜果作物和4种中药材等共计30种农作物水热指标以及冬小麦和春小麦土壤水分指标. 高原地区作物水热指标具有4个明显特点, 釆用不同积温界限值来确定不同作物属性热量指标, 喜凉、中性、喜温和喜热作物分別釆用≥0 ℃、≥5 ℃、≥10 ℃和≥15 ℃积温界限值作热量指标. 不同温度带作物适宜的热量指标差异明显, 有随温度带愈冷凉作物热量指标呈偏低的趋势. 不同水分气候区作物水分指标差异较大, 有随湿润度增加作物水分指标呈递减的趋势. 作物水热指标随气候变化而发生缓慢变化, 气候变暖使作物全生长期延长, 对同一熟性品种而言, 需要热量指标比变暖前有提高趋势; 气候变干使作物水分指标有增加趋势. 农作物水热指标是衡量作物适生种植的重要标准, 是引种、作物布局、栽培管理、髙产优质安全生产的重要科学依据, 是气象为农业服务必不可少的基础资料, 也是服务工作的前提.     

青藏高原多年冻土区高寒草甸植物种群物候学定量研究

采用青藏高原腹地北麓河多年冻土区高寒草甸14种代表性植物种群2009年和2010年两个生长季的物候观测资料, 进行植物种群物候学特征的定量分析, 划分物候类型并指出影响不同物候期的环境因子主次. 结果表明: 营养期和结实期的物候指数都较大, 分别为32.70和24.39, 其他物候期则相对较小; 整个生长期持续天数较短, 为155 d左右. 14种植物可划分为3种类型和6大类群. 在营养期和整个生长期, 与物候变化最为密切的环境因子为降水量, 其次为日照时数, 温度居第三; 而影响其他物候期的因子均以日照时数为主, 降水量和温度依次居后.     

滩涂围垦对东台海岸带景观格局影响研究

借助遥感和GIS技术,通过景观格局指数的计算,来分析围垦对东台海岸带景观格局的影响。研究发现,1995-2006年间,围垦区海岸带景观破碎化程度减弱,斑块形状的多样性和复杂性程度降低,景观格局态势朝单一化方向发展,景观异质性在整体上有减弱的趋势。然而,在空间上景观格局的变化又有异于整体。主要表现为:农业区破碎化程度减弱,斑块形状简单化,景观格局朝均衡化分布;笆斗区破碎化程度加剧,斑块形状复杂化,优势斑块碱篷被耕地替代;三仓区破碎化程度加剧,斑块形状趋于复杂,由滩地、碱篷为主的景观格局演变成滩地、耕地、碱篷比重势均的格局。总之,围垦区内自然景观的破碎度增强,各斑块类型的形状日渐复杂,景观空间结构趋于复杂化。     

New Zealand estuary benthic health indicators summarised nationally and by estuary type

ABSTRACT

Ecological data are often collected at small geographic scales. However, analysing data collectively over wider scales can reveal results and patterns not shown in the smaller-scale data. We summarised data for intertidal benthic ecological (physico-chemical and biological) health indicators from New Zealand estuaries and compared the results against thresholds above which ecological impacts are expected to occur. Values for the sediment physico-chemical indicators mud and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus collectively) were above thresholds for at least 50% and at 31% of sites measured respectively. Sediment organic content and metal concentrations were generally low, with only maximum values exceeding the thresholds. Scores for biological indicators were within (or better than) the moderate health category for either at least 50%, or at least 75%, of sites. When compared across estuary types (based on a geomorphic classification system) we found statistically significant differences for thirteen of the sixteen indicators. Differences (among mean values) for highly significant results were relatively large compared to the range of values observed nationally for those indicators. However, the differences, except those for mud, were smaller than their respective ecological health threshold values. Our summary provides a reference for future comparisons of estuary indicators nationally and across estuary types.     

应用Excel 软件计算生物多样性指数

生物多样性指数是生物群落研究中的重要参数,广泛应用于海洋生态系统生物多样性的评价和研究。作者利用微软的电子表格软件Excel中的数组函数、条件函数及其他函数,提供了一种快速、简便、可靠的同时计算Shannon、Simpson、Berger-Parker、Margalef和Pielou均匀度指数等8种常用生物多样性指数的方法,应用开发的Excel文件——Biodixcel.xlsx,使用者只需在此文件列出的表格中一次性录入所要计算的原始数据即可在此表格中同时得到上述几个指数的计算结果,本方法为群落生物多样性的计算提供了一种简单、实用的工具。     

无居民海岛开发适宜性评价指标体系的构建和在厦门海域的应用

无居民海岛开发适宜程度取决于对其生态重要性与开发可行性的综合评价.本研究从表征生态重要性的物种、生境和自然历史文化遗迹,以及反映开发可行性的自然、资源和社会经济条件构建无居民海岛开发适宜性评价指标体系;采用专家咨询法和层次分析法确定指标权重,在评价指标量化与标准化处理的基础上,建立生态重要性-开发可行性互斥矩阵确定无居民海岛的开发适宜程度.对厦门海域的实际应用研究结果表明,其18个无居民海岛的开发适宜性总体偏低,中度适宜开发的海岛共有7个,低适宜开发的海岛有8个,不适宜开发的海岛有3个,评价结果与国家海洋局2011年发布的可供开发利用无居民海岛名录中厦门海域部分基本吻合.作者建议对厦门海域中度适宜开发的无居民海岛可据其资源特征进行适度开发;对低适宜开发的无居民海岛应优先保护海岛生态,维护海岛自然属性;对不适宜开发的无居民海岛应重点加强海岛生态保护,必要时进行生境的重建和修复.     

Effects of temperature fluctuations on cuttlebone formation of cuttlefish Sepia esculenta

The morphological characteristics and the cuttlebone formation of Sepia esculenta exposed to different water temperature fluctuations were investigated under laboratory conditions. Temperature fluctuation cycles (15 cycles, 60 d in total) consisted of the following three regimes of 4 d duration: keeping water temperature in 26°C for 3 d (Group A), 2 d (Group B), 0 d (Group C, control); then keeping water temperature in 16°C for the next 1, 2, 4 d. No significant difference in the survival rate was observed between the control and temperature fluctuation groups (P>0.05). Lamellar depositions in a temperature fluctuation cycle were 2.45±0.02 for Group A, 2.00±0.02 for Group B, and 1.78±0.02 for Group C (P<0.05). The relationship between age and number of lamellas in the cuttlebone of S. esculenta under each water temperature fluctuation could be described as the linear model and the number of lamellas in the cuttlebone did not correspond to actual age. Group A had the highest cuttlebone growth index (CGI), the lowest locular index (LI), and inter-streak distances comparing with those of control group. However, the number of lamellas and LI or CGI showed a quadratic relationship for each temperature fluctuation group. In addition, temperature fluctuations caused the breakage of cuttlebone dark rings, which was considered a thermal mark. The position of the breakage in the dark rings was random. This thermal mark can be used as supplementary information for marking and releasing techniques.     

A new approach to measurement of regional inequality in particular directions

Regional inequality is a core issue in geography,and it can be measured by several approaches and indexes.However,the global inequality measures can not reflect regional characteristics in terms of spatiality and non-mobility,as well as correctly explore regional inequality in particular directions.Although conventional between-group inequality indexes can measure the inequality in particular directions,they can not reflect the reversals of regional patterns and changes of within-group patterns.Therefore,we set forth a new approach to measure regional inequality in particular directions,which is applicable to geographic field.Based on grouping,we established a new index to measure regional inequality in particular directions named Particular Direction Inequality index(PDI index),which is comprised of between-group inequality of all data and between-group average gap.It can reflect regional spatiality and non-mobility,judge the main direction of regional inequality,and capture the changes and reversals of regional patterns.We used the PDI index to measure the changes of regional inequality from 1952 to 2009 in China.The results show that:1) the main direction of China’s regional inequality was between coastal areas and inland areas;the increasing extent of inequality between coastal areas and inland areas was higher than the global inequality;2) the PDI index can measure the between-region average gap,and is more sensitive to evolution of within-region patterns;3) the inequality between the northern China and the southern China has been decreasing from 1952 to 2009 and was reversed in 1994 and 1995.     

2010年中国西南旱情的时空特征分析——基于MODIS数据归一化干旱指数

 近年来,干旱灾害频繁发生,对区域内农业生产和生态环境造成了极大的破坏。为了快速准确地获取大面积地表土壤水分信息用以评估地表受旱程度,本文以2010年年初中国西南大旱为例,运用MODIS可见光-红外波段数据以及像元可信度综合生成了归一化干旱指数(NDDI)。同时,结合研究区内地面气象站点实测的土壤湿度数据验证了NDDI对地表土壤湿度的敏感度。结果表明:相比于植被状态指数(VCI)干旱监测模型,NDDI能更加灵敏地对浅层地表干湿变化做出迅速响应。最后,本文利用NDDI分析了2010年年初中国西南大旱旱情发展的时空演变过程,宏观上重现了此次旱情的发展历程,并使用该指数统计了不同时间节点、不同干旱等级下的贵州省土地受旱面积。结果显示:2010年1月-2010年4月为贵州省旱情最为严重的4个月,平均受旱面积达103 352km²,最大受旱面积达132 257km²,占贵州省总面积的75%以上。同时,旱情等级为重旱的土地面积最大达到88 246 km²,占贵州全境土地面积的50%以上。