用地面测量建立高精度天图星表的初步方案--为适应小卫星精密定位和银河系研究的需要

以小卫星精密定位为例,叙述了今后一段时期内对天图星表的组成和精度要求,分析了目前现有天图星表尚不能满足这一要求的原因,提出了在依巴谷星表的基础上用地面测量方法建立所要求的天图星表的设想,拟定了分两步走的初步方案,阐述了采用新的误差理论和新技术后地面测量能达到这一精度的可能性.     

GPS无线电掩星监测地球大气技术中的一种长时间序列地面测点方法

ＧＰＳ无线电掩星技术是从行星无线电遥感探测技术发展而来。从８０年代末以来,这种技术在气象学的应用研究中获得新的发展,自从第一颗实验低轨地球卫星（ＬＥＯ卫星）ＭｉｃｏＬａｂｌ在１９９５年４月３日发射升空以后,它所获得的数据和成果已经证实了ＧＰＳ无线电掩星技术在地球大气分层结构的探测上所具有潜在科学价值。但是,延长地面测点的时间覆盖无疑对这种技术在气象和大气的研究上有很大的好处,因而提出一种用低轨通约     

提高地面气象测报质量的思考

地面气象测报工作是地面气象观测站的基本工作之一,地面气象测报数据质量直接影响着天气预报的准确性。地面气象测报人员必须严肃、认真、负责地做好这项工作。     

华南农田下垫面地气交换和能量收支的观测研究

利用2004年11月至12月在广东省惠州地区进行的湍流连续观测资料,分析非均匀农田近地面层的基本气象要素特征以及水汽和CO2的浓度与通量输送规律,作为今后深入探讨地表非均匀性效应的基础.通过各辐射分量和感热、潜热与土壤热通量的特征分析,研究能量收支的基本状况,并讨论了造成显著能量"不平衡"的原因.观测的基本结果是:(1)近地面1.8 m高度处以北风为主,风速大多低于2 m/s,正午入射太阳辐射约700 W/m2;CO2浓度的日变化范围为600～900 mg/m3,水汽为5～25 g/m3.(2)各气象要素呈现明显的日变化,当地温度日较差约10℃,相对湿度始终高于50%.CO2和水汽的浓度在夜间较白天高,二者的日平均值为713.7 mg/m3和15.9 g/m3;利用涡旋相关法,测得二者的通量在白天高于夜间,日平均值为25.3 mg·m-2·s-1和-4.7×10-2mg·m-2·s.当地的日平均波文(Bowen)比仅为0.04,这主要是由于当地的高湿度造成的.(3)当地存在显著的能量"不平衡"现象,正午时的差额热通量可高达150 W/m2,这可能与平均垂直运动输送的作用、观测误差以及通量和辐射观测的"源地"不匹配等原因有关.研究结果与荒漠、城市和稻田下垫面的观测事实进行了定量比较.     

基于遥感和GIS的哈尔滨城区热岛效应研究

本文利用遥感和GIS技术对LandsatETM 热红外遥感数据进行处理,反演市区的地面亮温,并进行正规化处理和等级划分,研究城市热岛的时空变化规律和温度场的空间分布规律,揭示城市热岛效应空间格局。通过对哈尔滨市区热岛效应分析,可以确定城区内热岛效应的分布及监测城市化进程,为城市热环境质量评价和热源调查提供准确、丰富的信息。     

A comparative study between China and U.S. on seismic design philosophy and practice of a long span arch bridge

This paper presents the first of a series of case studies on the seismic design of long span bridges （cable-stayed bridges, suspension bridges and arch bridges） under a cooperative research project on seismic behavior and design of highway bridges between the State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, University at Buffalo. The objective of this series of case studies is to examine the differences and similarities on the seismic design practice of long span bridges in China and the U.S., to identify research needs and to develop design guidelines beneficial to bridge engineers in both countries. Unlike short to medium span bridges, long span bridges are not included in most seismic design specifications, mainly because they are location dependent and structurally unique. In this paper, an available model of a steel tied half through arch bridge with a main span of 550m in China is discussed. Analysis is focused on comparisons of the seismic responses due to different ground motions. Seismic design criteria and seismic performance requirements for long span bridges in both countries were first introduced and compared, and then three near field earthquake records with large vertical components were selected as the excitations to examine the seismic behavior and seismic vulnerability of the bridge. Results show that （1） the selected near field ground motions cause larger responses to key components （critical sections） of the bridge （such as arch rib ends） with a maximum increase of more than twice those caused by the site specific ground motions; （2） piers, longitudinal girders and arch crowns are more vulnerable to vertical motions, especially their axial forces; and （3） large vertical components of near field ground motions may not significantly affect the bridge＇s internal forces provided that their peak acceleration spectra ordinates only appear at periods of less than 0.2s. However, they may have more influence on the longitudinal displacements of sliding bearings due to their large displacement spectra ordinates at the fundamental period of the bridge.     

Artificial ground motion compatible with specified ground shaking peaks and target response spectrum

1 Introduction Time history analysis is usually needed not only for the seismic design of important structures, such as nuclear plants, large concrete dams and super high-rise buildings, but also for seismic performance based design. Performance-based design requires tha knowledge of the entire process of nonlinear seismic responses of structures be obtained, which depends on the ground motion time history as input for this analysis. However, because the observed strong-motion recordings are l…     

Kinematic source model for simulation of near-fault ground motion field using explicit finite element method

1 Introduction The prediction of broadband near-fault ground motion is an important aspect of seismic risk analysis, and is essential for the evaluation of urban seismic safety. Many methodologies are used to model the near-fault ground motions, such as the Green function method, ?nite element (FE) / ?nite difference (FD) method and a hybrid method (Aagaard, 1999; Oprsal and Zahradnik, 2002; Oprsal et al., 2003 a and b). In the hybrid method, the FE / FD method is used to model the low fr…     

深圳市龙岗区同乐村岩溶地面塌陷特征及形成机理初步探讨

2004年11月9日凌晨2时许,深圳市龙岗区同乐居委会水流田村发生岩溶地面塌陷,倒房1栋,所幸无人伤亡。本文在工程地质勘察的基础上,对此次塌陷的特征及形成机理作了初步探讨,提出深埋岩溶地面塌陷,除有溶洞、地下水等必要条件,还与第四系沉积物的成分、结构、透水性密切相关,同时地质构造也起着控制作用。深埋岩溶地面塌陷与浅层地下水的多寡及垂直活动特性密切相关。     

昆明市2019年近地面O3时空分布特征

利用昆明市2019年空气质量监测资料,对昆明市O3浓度的时空分布特征进行了分析.发现呈贡、西山森林公园的O3浓度达标天数最少,碧鸡广场的O3浓度达标天数最多;各监测点的O3-8h浓度变化范围相差不大,最小值出现在金鼎山,最大值出现在呈贡;O3-8h年平均值最小出现在东风东路,最大出现在西山森林公园;各监测点O3污染程度...