Optimizing investment levels for energy conservation: Individual versus social perspective and the role of uncertainty

The decision to invest in energy conservation must be made in the face of uncertainty: future energy prices and the magnitude of energy savings are uncertain. Since once does not know the optimal investment level in advance, one will incur cost penalties due to misoptimization. To analyse the cost penalties it is convenient to focus on the ratio of the life cycle costs that one pays and the life cycle costs one would have paid with an optimal investment level. Two models are used to evaluate this ratio: a model for conductive heat flow through a layer of insulation, and an exponential curve fit to a large number of residential energy conservation cost data. Plotting the life cycle cost ratio versus the ration of actual and guessed energy expenditures shows the effect both of price uncertainties and of uncertainties in the performance of conservation measures. The graph can also be used to evaluate the cost to society due to the mismatch between individual and social perspectives. The curve turns out to have a broad optimum, and penalties due to misoptimization are fairly small in most cases. With these models one can also calculate the long-term price elasticity of energy demand for rational consumers. It turns out to be -0.5 in the insulation model and -1.0 in the exponential model.     

Optimal Control of Solar Sludge Dryers

Optimal control (OC) methodology is used to develop a control policy for a batch-operated solar sludge dryer with ventilation as the dominant control. Batch performance criteria and instantaneous optimization criteria are developed for two economic environments: quota limited and capital limited. The general formulation, as well as simplifications resulting from the multiplicative form of the evaporation (drying) rate model, are presented. The multiplicative form results in a single constant number, called here “control intensity,” which is used to guide the on-line control decisions. These decisions turn out to be independent of the dry solids content (DSC) of the sludge. Further simplification, by assuming a strictly constant weather, is used to demonstrate the general effects of the economic and physical (weather) environment on the solution.

The OC approach is used to address, via simulation under realistic weather conditions, several design, operation, and pricing problems. In particular, the following have been considered: sizing of the ventilation fans, determination of a fair fee for sludge disposal, finding the best final DSC, and evaluating the effect of the price of electricity. Regarding the particular location represented by the data, it has been shown that the installed capacity of the ventilation fans should be increased and that there seems to be sufficient economic incentive for solar drying.     

轻型轨道车下道装置手压泵结构参数的优化设计

本对影响轻型轨道车下道装置操作性能的液压系统参数进行了分析，对２９．４ｋＷ走行发电轻型轨道画下道装置中的手动液压泵的结构参数进行了优化设计，与初定参数进行了比较，并对方案设计进行了修正。     

在3．39μm波段甲烷吸收特性的测量与应用研究

报道了甲烷气体在３．３９μｍ波段吸收特性的研究结果，及其在３．３９μｍ波段多波长干涉测量中的应用。通过改变甲烷吸收室的充气参数，使激光器工作在双等光强工作点，并完成了绝对距离的干涉测量。     

肉灌肠中淀粉测定的操作要点及改进

主要目的是重新认识淀粉测定中的操作要点，并结合实践经验加以改进和完善，提高化验结果的准确度，更好地指导和监督生产。     

瓶组气化站的建筑、结构设计要点

瓶组气化站的建筑，结构设计关系到安全，满足使用要求和投资的大小，本文根据多年的实践和最新的有关设计规范的要求，阐述瓶组气化站建筑，结构设计的要点。     

搜索三个不同坏硬币的测试次数

§1.简介 设S={c_1,c_2,…,c_n}是由n个外观相同的硬币组成的集合,其中恰有m个稍重的坏硬币,试用最少的测试次数找出这m个坏硬币.以μ_m(n)表示最少测试次数,由信息论可知     

焊缝超声检测的基本特征及操作要点

通过对焊缝超声波检测原理和检测系统实施过程的分析,论述了检测系统的要素组成;总结了检测实施过程的基本特征与缺陷判定、焊缝质量评定的关系以及存在的主要问题;提出了提高焊缝超声波检测可靠性应控制检测实施过程诸要素的途径和方法.     

电力地理信息系统外业数据采集编码方案的探讨

本文介绍了配电电力地理信息系统外业数据采集编码的方法；其中包括线路编码、点编码、线路分界点编码、变电所的编码、开关的编码方法等。     

超薄带精密轧机辊形调节计算机控制

介绍一种超薄带精密轧机的计算机控制系统改造。超薄带精密轧机用于轧制０．０１ｍｍ～０．５ｍｍ的超薄带材，其辊形调节系统是影响带材板形的关键部分。原系统响应慢，可靠性差，难以满足精轧要求。现对该轧机进行改造，采用计算机，将ＰＣＭ（ＰｕｌｓｅｃｏｄｅＭｏｄｕｌａｔｉｏｎ－脉冲码调制）控制与二次型性能指标最优化控制相结合的控制方法用于轧机的的全面管理与控制，不仅大大提高系统精度与运行可靠性，而且实现调整与控制自动化。目前已投入正常运行。