Liking and consumption of high-fiber snacks in preschool-age children

Increased consumption of fiber has been associated with better diet quality and lower risk for chronic diseases. Most preschool-age children in the US do not meet the recommended intake level of fiber, however, many daycare administrators struggle with the decision to provide high-fiber foods because children may not eat them. This study was a prospective community-based trial designed to explore whether children would like and eat high-fiber snacks that were served at daycare. We provided novel high-fiber snack foods to 2-5 year olds participating in two day-care centers (n = 41). Overall liking ratings were obtained using a three-level age-appropriate likert-scale. Snack consumption was measured using the plate-waste method. Results showed that children consumed normal amounts of energy from snacks. There was no association between mean energy consumed from snacks in the groups of children who liked and those who were neutral or did not like the snack, indicating that liking did not influence consumption or that intakes did not vary enough between the two groups to detect a significant difference. The implication of our study is that fiber intake in young children could potentially be increased by serving high-fiber snacks at daycare centers.     

Suitability analysis of existing and new authentication methods for future 3GPP Evolved Packet Core

The fourth generation of 3GPP networks is evolving toward the realization of true global mobile broadband services. This stimulates the appearance of new applications, such as remote sensing and controlling services running on resource-constrained wireless devices, but also comes along with new challenges regarding performance and cost of the whole system, involving the requirement for lightweight security services.     

Predation by alewife on lake trout fry emerging from laboratory reefs: Estimation of fry survival and assessment of predation potential

Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) predation may be an important mortality source on lake trout fry (Salvelinus namaycush), and could affect the success of lake trout restoration in the Great Lakes. This study tested the prediction that fry showing typical swimming and avoidance behavior over artificial reefs will differ in survival when alewives are present versus when alewives are absent. Six tanks with cobble substrate were each stocked with 153 lake trout fry (density = 131 m^− 2), a density comparable to that recorded at Stony Island reef, Lake Ontario during the early 1990s. Four treatment tanks each contained ten alewives (density = 8 m^− 2) and two control tanks contained no alewives. After 12 days, mean recovery of fry was less in treatment tanks (31.5 fry per tank) than in control tanks (150 fry per tank; P < 0.009). Fry mortality in control tanks was about 2% in contrast to 46 to 91% mortality in tanks containing alewives. Alewife predation effects were evident early in the experiment as the mean daily capture of fry by traps set in each tank was always lower after day two in treatment tanks than in control tanks. The rate of consumption of lake trout fry by alewives ranged from 0.57 to 1.16 fry alewife^− 1 day^− 1 (mean = 0.99 ± 0.141; median = 1.12). The results of this study support the hypothesis that predation by alewives could cause a high level of lake trout fry mortality, and thus affect natural recruitment of lake trout and the success of population rehabilitation.     

The exposure of a fresh fruit and vegetable supply chain to global water-related risks

ABSTRACT

We have combined estimates of the UK’s supply of fresh fruit and vegetables (1996 – 2015) with estimates of water requirements and water scarcity in producing countries, to identify where the supply is exposed to physical, regulatory and reputational water risks and how this has changed over time. Some 76% of the freshwater consumed in the supply of fresh fruit and vegetables to the UK is withdrawn overseas. The supply chain is particularly exposed to water risks in Spain, Egypt, South Africa, Chile, Morocco, Israel and Peru. Exposure has increased over time.     

Nutritional methodologies and their use in inter-disciplinary antioxidant research

There has been a significant increase in the volume of research relating to antioxidants and health. The very nature of this research is inter-disciplinary, yet the full potential of such an approach, whereby nutritionists (clinicians), chemists, pharmacists and others all bring their expertise to bear in a concerted way, is rarely achieved. This is perhaps due to a lack of understanding of the methodology and terminology of the various disciplines. In this review, the terminology and features of nutritional studies are examined with particular emphasis on the confounders that may often be ignored by laboratory-based researchers. Attention is drawn to the potential role that ethics approval processes may have in directing outcomes.     

The role of milk in the British diet

Milk and foods made from milk have been part of the British diet for the last 3500 years. They constitute one of the four main food groups that together comprise a healthy balanced diet, providing significant amounts of protein and most micronutrients, including calcium, B-group vitamins (particularly riboflavin and B₁₂, but also thiamin, niacin, B₆ and folate), vitamin A, iodine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and zinc. Milk and dairy foods can increase the nutrient density of the diet and play a pivotal role in ensuring that dietary intakes are nutritionally adequate. They can also help to improve bone and dental health and possibly protect against hypertension and colon cancer.     

Heritage strain and diet of wild young of year and yearling lake trout in the main basin of Lake Huron

Restoration of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush stocks in Lake Huron is a fish community objective developed to promote sustainable fish communities in the lake. Between 1985 and 2004, 12.65 million lake trout were stocked into Lake Huron representing eight different genetic strains. Collections of bona fide wild fish in USGS surveys have increased in recent years and this study examined the ancestry and diet of fish collected between 2004 and 2006 to explore the ecological role they occupy in Lake Huron. Analysis of microsatellite DNA revealed that both pure strain and inter-strain hybrids were observed, and the majority of fish were classified as Seneca Lake strain or Seneca Lake hybrids. Diets of 50 wild age-0 lake trout were examined. Mysis, chironomids, and zooplankton were common prey items of wild age-0 lake trout. These results indicate that stocked fish are successfully reproducing in Lake Huron indicating a level of restoration success. However, continued changes to the benthic macroinvertebrate community, particularly declines of Mysis, may limit growth and survival of wild fish and hinder restoration efforts.     

A diet rich in Maillard reaction products protects LDL against copper induced oxidation ex vivo, a human intervention trial

Maillard reaction products (MRPs) have antioxidative properties in vitro but the influence of a diet rich in MRPs on oxidative damage in vivo remains unknown.In this study, the influence of thermally processed foods rich in MRPs on copper induced oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro was examined. Moreover, oxidative resistance of LDL (OR) in blood plasma of eight healthy subjects was monitored, who consumed diets poor and rich in MRPs in weekly turn for 3 weeks.Dark beer, bread crust, and roasted coffee led to a statistically significant increased OR in vitro compared to pale beer, bread crumb, and raw coffee. The consumption of a diet rich in MRPS significantly increased plasma OR compared to the diet poor in MRPs by 35.5%.This study indicates that thermally processed foods rich in MRPs inhibit the LDL oxidation in vitro and have the ability to reduce oxidative modification of LDL in vivo.     

Dietary exposures to nitrate in the UK

Dietary exposures to nitrate have been estimated for two different groups of UK consumers. The daily dietary exposure of the general population was estimated from the UK 1997 Total Diet study to be 52mg/ day. Vegetables contributed approximately 70% to this total dietary exposure. Dietary exposure estimates for adult consumers of vegetables commonly eaten in the UK were 93mg/day and 140mg/day for mean and 97.5th percentile consumers, respectively. Dietary exposures to nitrate of UK consumers are similar to those in other European countries and are less than the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for nitrate set by the European Commission's Scientific Committee for Food.