Cell type-specific expression of the human renin gene.

We have previously produced transgenic mice carrying the human renin gene, whose expression is regulated in a tissue-specific manner. In the present study, we further characterized expression of the transgene. Northern blot analysis showed that the human renin gene is expressed in the kidney but not in the liver of two lines of transgenic mice with 10 and 50 copies of the transgene, suggesting that the integrated copy number of the human renin gene does not influence the dominant-renal expression pattern. Immunohistochemical study using a monoclonal antibody specific for human renin demonstrated that expression of human renin in the transgenic mouse kidney is confined to the epithelioid juxtaglomerular cells. Transfection experiments indicated that the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion gene containing the 3-kb upstream sequences of the renin gene is activated only in human epithelioid embryonic 293 cells derived from kidney but not in human HepG2 cells from liver. These findings suggest that transfer of the cloned renin gene into mice and in vitro cultured cell lines can give rise to cell type-specific expression.     

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D stimulates sodium-dependent phosphate transport by renal outer cortical brush-border membrane vesicles by directly affecting membrane fluidity

We examined the effects of several forms of vitamin D added to renal brush-border membrane suspensions on phosphate and glucose transport and on membrane fluidity. The 1,25-D stimulated and the other vitamin D decreased phosphate uptake. In contrast, glucose uptake was not affected by the treatment of vitamin D. The 1,25-D resulted in a significant shift of the lower transition temperature in Arrhenius plots for phosphate, but not for glucose uptakes, from 15 degrees C to 11.5 degrees C. These data indicate that the 1,25-D may alter membrane fluidity, limited to the phosphate transporter, thus affecting the phosphate uptake.     

Inhibition of cathepsin L-induced degradation of epidermal growth factor receptors by c-Ha-ras gene products

The inhibitory activities of c-Ha-ras gene products (p21s) toward several cysteine proteinases have been investigated. The activity of cathepsin L was inhibited by p21s most effectively while those of cathepsin B and papain were slightly inhibited by p21s. p21s did not show any inhibitory activity toward cathepsin H. In order to connect the protease-inhibitor activity of p21s with cell growth, the degradation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF-receptors) was investigated. EGF-receptors were preferentially cleaved by cathepsin L but not by cathepsin B or H. The cleavage of EGF-receptors by cathepsin L was inhibited by p21s dose-dependently. These results raise the possibility that p21s can suppress the degradation of growth-related proteins such as EGF-receptors and thereby affect cell growth.     

NADP+ production using thermostable NAD+ kinase of corynebacterium flaccumfaciens AHU-1622

A sonicate of Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens AHU-1622 had the highest NAD+ kinase activity (1.22 mU/mL culture broth) of the strains of bacteria we investigated. This enzyme was thermostable, with activity maintained at 50 degrees C for 1 h. This treatment inactivated phosphatase activity. Resting cells of the bacterium also had NAD+ kinase activity when treated at 60 degrees C for 30 min with 0.2% Triton X-100. NADP+ production was achieved using 8 mumol NAD+, 8 mumol ATP, 16 mumol MgCl2, 1.6 mumol NaN3, and 12 mU NAD+ kinase (0.1 g of permeabilized wet cells) in 2 mL of 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5. The conversion ratio of NADP+ from NAD+ was 75% after 10 h of incubation at 50 degrees C, and the amount of accumulated NADP+ was 3 mumol/mL of reaction mixture. The NAD+ kinase activity of the permeabilized cells was stable and did not decrease after repeated use.     

A method for direct incorporation of radiolabeled cholesteryl ester into human plasma low-density-lipoproteins: preparation of tracer substrate for cholesteryl ester transfer reaction between lipoproteins

[14C]Cholesteryl ester was directly incorporated into human plasma low-density lipoproteins (LDL) for the purpose of preparing a tracer substrate for investigation of the cholesteryl ester transfer reaction between plasma lipoproteins. The radiolabeled cholesteryl oleate was sonicated with egg phosphatidylcholine to form cholesteryl ester-containing liposomes. The liposomes were incubated with plasma fraction of density greater than 1.006 at 37 degrees C in the presence of dithionitrobenzoic acid. When the distribution of the radiolabeled cholesteryl ester was equilibrated among liposomes and lipoprotein fractions, the mixture was applied to an affinity chromatography column of dextran sulfate-cellulose (LA01) (Arteriosclerosis 4, 276-282). LDL was eluted by increasing the NaCl concentration and was finally isolated as a floating fraction by ultracentrifugation at a solvent density of 1.063 (adjusted with NaCl). The chemical composition, electrophoretic mobility and density of the labeled LDL were consistent with those of the native LDL. Radioactivity in this preparation was present exclusively in cholesteryl ester. Apolipoprotein B100 was preserved intact throughout the procedure. When the rate of cholesteryl ester transfer was measured between LDL and high-density lipoproteins by using this labeled LDL, the kinetics was consistent with the equilibrium transfer model, but the apparent rate measured was slightly higher than that measured with the labeled LDL prepared by the method using the intrinsic cholesterol esterification reaction of plasma.     

Cell-matrix interrelation and cell-to-cell connection in the secretory ameloblast layer of kitten teeth

To investigate the cell-matrix interrelation and the structure and permeability of the junctional complexes of secretory ameloblasts, molar tooth germs from kittens were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy, routine thin sections and freeze-fracture replication. Scanning electron microscopy showed remarkably dissolved growth fronts of enamel in materials that had been fixed with glutaraldehyde and then subjected to EDTA perfusion for 10 min. By the action of EDTA, intercrystallite spaces in rod and interrod enamel were prominently widened, and their longitudinal ends of crystallites displayed irregular and extremely sparse structures. In enamel rods surrounded entirely by interrod enamel, and in enamel rods of the typical key hole shape with successive interrod enamel participation, the most striking dissolution of crystallites occurred at the boundaries between rod and interrod enamel, where broad expanses of rod-sheath spaces were observed. In thin sections, the Tomes processes of secretory ameloblasts occupying the above rods were rectangular or variations of a rectangular shape, respectively; and interameloblast spaces opened to the enamel growth fronts, which corresponded to the junction between rod and interrod enamel. In enamel rods standing in regular rows and showing the typical arcade shape, the centers of the rods were drastically dissolved and exhibited single and deep slits, whereas the boundaries between rod and interrod enamel showed no wide furrows. The Tomes processes occupying such arcade-shaped rods were typically triangular, and the interameloblast space always joined the type-1 face of process, which is responsible for enamel rod formation. Secretory ameloblast possessed two sets of junctional complexes at the proximal and distal ends of the cell body. The distal one was situated proximally to the Tomes process. Freeze-fracture replication demonstrated the functional structures of these junctions: the proximal junction was fascia occludens, and the distal one incomplete zonula occludens with many free-ending tight junctional strands and interstrand spaces or a less developed irregular junction.     

Aminoacyl-tRNA exclusively in the 3'-isomeric form is bound to polypeptide chain elongation factor Tu

2' and 3'-O-(N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl)adenosine (Ac-Phe-Ado) were chemically synthesized. These two isomers were clearly separated from each other by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). From the two isomers of [3H]Phe-tRNA in equilibrium, Ac-[3H]Phe-Ado was prepared, without any change in the 2'/3'-isomer ratio, by acetylation of the phenylalanyl residue with acetic anhydride followed by digestion with pancreatic RNase A. By HPLC analysis of this preparation of Ac-[3H]Phe-Ado, the abundance ratio of the 2'-isomer and the 3'-isomer of [3H]Phe-tRNA was found to be 0.20:0.80. Further, [3H]Phe-tRNA was bound to Escherichia coli polypeptide chain elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) with the ligand of GTP or guanosine 5'-[beta, gamma-imido]triphosphate (GMP-P(NH)P). The ternary complex was treated with phenol and acetic anhydride, and then digested with pancreatic RNase A. By HPLC analysis of Ac-[3H]Phe-Ado, the abundance ratio of the 2'-isomer and the 3'-isomer of [3H]Phe-tRNA was determined to be 0.07:0.93 in the complex with EF-Tu.GTP and 0.04:0.96 in the complex with EF-Tu.GMP-P(NH)P. These results clearly indicate that the 3'-isomer, rather than the 2'-isomer, of aminoacyl-tRNA is exclusively involved in the ternary complex.     

Nucleosidediphosphate-kinase induction by human recombinant IL-2 in mouse NK cells

The ability of human recombinant IL-2 to induce NDP-kinase in mouse NK cells has been studied. A significant increase in the amount of NDP-kinase was observed when the cells were exposed to IL-2 (100 units/ml) for 3 h at 37 degrees C. The enzyme inducting ability of human recombinant IL-2 was similar to that of native mouse IL-2 in the cells. The enzymatic characteristics [chemical requirements for the phosphoenzyme formation and molecular size of two distinct subunits (18,000 and 20,000 daltons)] of NDP-kinase from IL-2 treated cells were similar to those of the enzymes from EAT cells. The enzyme's biological role in the initiation of cell proliferation by IL-2 has been discussed.     

Characterization of nucleosidediphosphate (NDP)-kinase-associated GTP binding proteins from human recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2)-treated mouse NK cells

Nucleosidediphosphate (NDP)-kinase-associated proteins from rIL-2-treated mouse NK cells have been biochemically characterized. The associated proteins could be separated from partially purified NDP-kinases by the 5-25% glycerol density gradient centrifugation method after treatment with 6 M urea in the presence of 1 mM EDTA. The associated proteins (approx. Mr 20,000) were defined as GTP binding proteins, since only [alpha-32P]GTP was bound to these proteins in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+ at 37 degrees C. We also found that these GTP binding proteins hydrolyzed only GTP in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+. The data presented here for: GTP specific binding activity; GTPase activity; and molecular size (approx. Mr 20,000) of the NDP-kinase-associated GTP binding proteins are similar to those reported for ras oncogene products (p21 proteins).     

Nucleosidediphosphate kinase from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells

A phosphate-incorporating protein has been highly purified from the cytosol of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EAT cells). The nitrocellulose membrane method was used to follow the progress of the purification by quantitation of the [32P]phosphorylated form of the protein. The purified protein was identified as an NDP-kinase since it exhibited NDP-kinase activity and had enzyme characteristics in common with other NDP-kinases from various mammalian cells. The purified NDP-kinase was found to have a molecular weight of approximately 76,000 daltons. Moreover, the enzyme appears to consist of two distinct polypeptides (18,000 and 20,000 daltons). This enzyme contained 19 amino acids, with high levels of glycine (9.8%) and lysine (9.0%). The enzyme rapidly formed a [32P]phosphoenzyme when incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of Mg2+ (1 mM) at the optimum pH of 7.5 even at low temperature (below 4 degrees C). This phosphoenzyme is an enzyme-bound, high-energy-phosphate intermediate, because ATP was formed from it on incubation with ADP in the presence of Mg2+ (1 mM). This finding suggests that the phosphoenzyme functions as an intermediate in NDP-kinase action.