The Influence of water salinity on the free amino acid concentration in muscle and hepatopancreas of adult shrimps, Penaeus japonicus

Variations of the total free amino acid (FAA) pool and the content of specific amino acids have been measured in the muscle and hepatopancreas of adult shrimps, Penaeus japonicus, acclimatized at five water salinities: 38, 32, 26, 20 and 14%‰ The FAA content is always higher in muscle than in hepatopancreas at all tested salinites. On the other hand, the hepatopancreas exhibits the highest concentrations of essential amino acids. Two steps in the evolution of FAA content can be observed, the first one regarding decrease in salinity from 38 to 20%‰ and the second one, when salinity goes below 20%_°. The first step can be characterized by a 16% decrease of total FAA content in the muscle and a 36% increase in the hepatopancreas. In muscle, the variations are mainly due to changes in non-essential FAA content, whereas in the hepatopancreas, they are linked to variations in essential FAA content. The other step is characterized by a drastic increase in moisture and decrease in FAA content in both studied organs when water salinity is 14%‰ The total FAA content is about 40% lower in shrimps at 14%_° compared to 38%‰ seawater salinity. During adaptation, the FAA pool (mainly NEFAAs) of muscle seems to be directly related to osmoregulation, whereas in the hepatopancreas, its evolution seems to be linked with energy expenditure and protein synthesis. The results are evaluated in order to elucidate the role of FAA in intracellular osmoregulation and in relation to animal ecology.     

Maltose excretion by the symbiotic Chlorella of the heliozoan Acanthocystis turfacea

Chlorella sp. strain 3.83, a symbiotic Chlorella isolated from the heliozoan Acanthocystis turfacea, excreted between 8% and 16% of assimilated ¹⁴CO₂ as maltose in the light (15000 lx), with a pH optimum around 4.8. This percentage increased when the illuminance was lowered (36% at 1700 lx). Release of [¹⁴C]maltose continued in darkness and could be inhibited by the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenylhydrazone and by diethylstilbestrol. Net efflux of maltose was observed even at a concentration ratio of extracellular/intracellular maltose of 7.8. Exogenous [¹⁴C]maltose (5 mM) was taken up by the cells with a rate <2% of that of simultaneous maltose release, indicating a practically unidirectional transport. It is concluded that maltose excretion is an active-transport process.Abbreviations DES diethylstilbestrol - FCCP carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone - p.c. packed cells This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Thanks are due to Doris Meindl for skillful experimental help.     

Aminoglycoside-3″-adenyltransferase confers resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin in Nicotiana tabacum

The bacterial gene aad A encodes the enzyme aminoglycoside-3-adenyltransferase that confers resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin in Escherichia coli. Chimeric genes have been constructed for expression in plants, and were introduced into Nicotiana tabacum by Agrobacterium binary transformation vectors. Spectinomycin or streptomycin in selective concentrations prevent greening of N. tabacum calli. Transgenic clones, however, formed green calli on selective media containing spectinomycin, streptomycin, or both drugs. Resistance was inherited as a dominant Mendelian trait in the seed progeny. Resistance conferred by the chimeric aad A gene can be used as a color marker similar to the resistance conferred by the streptomycin phosphotransferase gene to streptomycin.     

Activation of recA protein: The salt-induced structural transition

Purified recA protein is induced by high salt concentrations to hydrolyse ATP even in the absence of DNA. By small angle neutron scattering we show that this salt activation results from a structural transition of the protein filament in the presence of ATPγS from the inactive, compact form (a helical polymer of pitch 70 Å and cross-sectional radius of gyration R_c 40 Å) to the open form (a helical filament of pitch 95 Å and R_c 35 Å, which are the same structural parameters as in the ATPase active complex with DNA and ATP), without detectable change in the degree of association. We conclude that activation of recA is due to the same structural change whether induced by the binding of DNA or by salt. Indeed, the other enzymatic activity of recA, the proteolytic cleavage of the lexA repressor, is found to be inducible by the same salt concentrations as those of the structural transition.     

No evidence for ‘skewed’ inactivation of the X-chromosome as cause of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in female carriers

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited disorder of the optic nerves. It has been proposed that the specific mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that are associated with LHON require and X-chromosomally encoded permissive factor in order to become expressed. This would explain both the preponderance of male patients and the fact that most carriers of specific mtDNA mutations remain unaffected. Although linkage studies have been negative so far, the existence of such a factor has not been ruled out. We investigated the genealogical data of 24 large LHON pedigrees and concluded that the presumed X-linked factor would be recessively inherited and that at least 57% of the affected females would be heterozygous. Therefore, these females must be the victim of nonrandom X-chromosomal inactivation (skewed lyonization). However, analysis of X-chromosomal methylation patterns in 16 LHON-affected females revealed substantial skewing in only 15%–20% of cases, which is not significantly different from the patterns in 49 controls. Moreover, we found the frequency of LHON in daughters of affected heterozygous females to be twice to three times as high as in daughters of unaffected heterozygous females, which cannot be explained by an X-chromosomally inherited factor. We conclude that the results of our investigations do not support the hypothesis that LHON is a digenic disease with an X-linked factor being the main cause of loss of vision in the presence of relevant mtDNA mutations. Received: 1 June 1995 / Revised: 20 September 1995     

Identification of four novel splice site mutations in the ornithine transcarbamylase gene

Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, the most common inborn error of the urea cycle, shows X-linked inheritance with frequent new mutations. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the individual exons including adjacent intron sequences followed by direct sequencing of the amplimers we identified four new mutations affecting donor splice sites of introns 2, 5, 6, and 8. The mutation at the first position of intron 2 was a G to A exchange associated with acute neonatal hyperammonemia in a male patient at the age of 5 months. A G to C substitution in intron 5 was detected in a boy who developed 2 days after birth hypotonia, and respiratory distress, followed by severe hyperammonemia and terminal coma. The intron 6 mutation, a G to T substitution, was detected in a girl presenting with first episodes of vomiting and agitation at the age of 2 months. The mutation in intron 8, also a G to T transition, caused fatal hyperammonemia and early death at the age of 15 days in a male patient. We present four donor splice site mutations resulting in severe neonatal or very early onset of the disease in three boys and in one female patient. As the GT dinucleotide of the 5 donor splice site is invariant and required for correct splicing the described mutations may lead to improperly spliced mRNAs and aberrant gene products.     

Immunocytochemical localization of arabinoxylans in the cell wall of maize apical internode after microbial degradation in the rumen

Summary— Arabinoxylans were localised by immunocytochemistry using polyclonal antibodies in the cell walls of the apical internode of maize after degradation in the rumen. In order to understand the significance of arabinoxylan in digestibility property, two lines of maize differing in digestibility were used. Wide variations in the intensity of labelling were observed in the four tissues studied (sclerenchyma, fibres, xylem and parenchyma) from the first hours of incubation in the rumen. Incubation time in the rumen greatly influences the intensity of labelling.     

Determination of two sites of automethylation in bovine erythrocyte protein (d -aspartyl/l -isoaspartyl) carboxyl methyltransferase

Protein (d-aspartyl/l-isoaspartyl) carboxyl methyltransferase (PCM, E.C. 2.1.1.77) was previously shown to be enzymatically methyl esterified in an autocatalytic manner at altered aspartyl residues; methyl esters are observed in a subpopulation of the enzyme termed thePCM fraction [Lindquist and McFadden (1994),J. Protein Chem. 13, 23–30]. The altered aspartyl sites serving as methyl acceptors inPCM have now been localized by using proteolytic enzymes and chemical cleavage techniques in combination with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to identify fragments of the [³H]automethylated enzyme that contain a [³H]methyl ester. Methylation was positively identified at positions Asn₁₈₈ and Asp₂₁₇ in the enzyme sequence, a consequence of the spontaneous alteration of these sites tol-isoaspartyl ord-aspartyl sites and their methylation by active PCM molecules. The identification of more than one site of automethylation shows thatPCM is not a homogeneous population of damaged PCM molecules, but rather a complex population of molecules with a variety of age-altered damage sites.Abbreviations PCM protein (d-aspartyl/l-isoaspartyl) carboxyl methyltransferase - EDTA disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride - TEA trifluoroacetic acid - HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography     

Mechanical effects of ET-1 in cardiomyocytes isolated from normal and heart-failed rabbits

Endothelin (ET-1) is found at elevated concentrations in the plasma of patients with heart failure and in animal models of cardiomyopathy. The peptide is a potent positive inotropic agent, the effects of which are mediated by increases in cytosolic Ca²⁺ in cardiomyocytes. The object of this study was to investigate at the cellular level, the actions of ET-1 on contractile function and on Ca²⁺ currents in heart-failed ventricular myocardium. Male New Zealand White rabbits (8 wks) were treated with twice weekly injections of epirubicin (4 mg/kg/wk, n=7) or with saline (n=7) for 6 wks, followed by a washout period of 2 wks. Ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated from rabbit hearts using Langendorff perfusion with collagenase; contractile function was examined using a video microscopy method, and L-type Ca²⁺ currents were recorded using a whole-cell patch-clamp technique. ET-1 produced a concentration-dependent increase in contractile response (% increase from basal value) to a maximum at 1 nM ET-1 of 69 ± 11% (mean ± S.D.) in control cardiomyocytes and 33 ± 6% in heart-failed cells. However, there was no significant change in the EC₅₀ obtained with ET-1 for healthy (0.31 ± 0.1 nM) and for failed cardiomyocytes (0.24 ± 0.1 nM). The effects of ET-1 on L-type Ca²⁺ channels were similar with a peak amplitude at 1 nM ET-1 of –3.26 ± 0.8 in control cardiomyocytes and –3.32 ± 0.9 nA in heart-failed cells. The attenuation of the contractile response to ET-1 in heart-failed cells may reflect a desensitization of ET receptors as a consequence of elevated circulating levels of ET and was not reflected by alteration of transmembrane Ca²⁺ conductance. It is probable, therefore, that multiple signalling pathways are involved in the actions of ET on ventricular myocardium.Recipient of Servier Investigator Award     

Morphological and ultrastructural features in selected species of Licea (Myxomycetes)

Ultrastructural studies of selected species of Licea were made in order to elucidate relationships among species. Based on structural studies, species may be grouped as representing different stages of morphological complexity. The majority of species possess protoplasmodia and form sporangia. The two plasmodiocarpous species L. retiformis and L. variabilis possess more highly differentiated plasmodia and are an anomaly among Licea species. Processes along the margin of peridial lobes in several species of the genus are probably homologous with the capillitium in Listerella . The latter genus is morphologically and structurally very similar to species of the Licea pusilla group, but its plasmodium is still unknown. The sole species of Listerella agrees with Licea operculata in the structure of spore ornamentation, the processes consisting of densely packed granules of high electron density. This structure is quite different from that of L. pusilla and L. minima , where the processes have an internal structure of alternating layers different in electron transparency. Presence of spore-like bodies, different in size and ornamentation from normal spores, have been demonstrated in the border region between stalk and sporangium in L. operculata . This is a feature previously supposed to be restricted to Arcyria and related genera. Using X-ray analysis, calcium has been found in the peridium of several species of Licea . Since environmental factors may influence the presence or absence of calcium, caution should be taken in interpreting differences taxonomically. The similarity in elemental composition between the spores and sporangial lid in L. operculata is interesting, considering the fact that the sporangial lid of Trichia crateriformb has been demonstrated to be composed of spore-like structures.