Linearization of the full activated sludge model No 1 for interaction analysis

This paper deals with the linearization of the full activated sludge model No 1 (ASM1) in the scope of interaction analysis. For consistency, the linearization procedure is developed and validated within the BSM1 simulation benchmark framework. It is based on reaction rate approximation by linear combinations of states. The linear rate models are identified and incorporated in the mass balance equations, yielding a linear locally equivalent to the ASM1 model. Linear models for anoxic and aerated compartments are proposed. It is observed that the presented models track very closely the nonlinear ASM1 responses to various influent data. The key feature of this linearization strategy is that the gotten linear version of the ASM1 model is linear time invariant (LTI) and that it conserves the states biological interpretation and the original ASM1 dimension. It allows, therefore, application of interaction analysis methods and makes it possible to determine motivated control configurations for the ASM1 model.     

Sequence Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) from Yeast Species Within the Genus Candida

Nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions were determined for 13 species within the genus Candida, representing a collection of those species pathogenic for humans. No two species had identical sequences and the sizes of ITS2 varied fourfold, representing an apparent continuous gradient of nucleotides. When present, sequence homologies were observed in the 5′ end of ITS2, and many species exhibited more limited homologies within three known conserved domains found in other yeasts. Cluster analysis of primary sequence revealed a concordance with a known taxonomic subfamily and suggests that certain species within the genus form a similar grouping. A majority of species exhibited similar presumptive RNA secondary structures, consistent with the hypothesis that these spacer regions are essential for correct processing of the 5.8S and 28S subunits. Received: 14 April 1997 / Accepted: 22 July 1997