Heart Failure Telemonitoring in Japan and Sweden: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Background

Telemonitoring of heart failure (HF) patients is increasingly discussed at conferences and addressed in research. However, little is known about actual use in specific countries.

Objective

We aimed to (1) describe the use of non-invasive HF telemonitoring, (2) clarify expectations of telemonitoring among cardiologists and nurses, and (3) describe barriers to the implementation of telemonitoring in Japan and Sweden.

Methods

This study used a cross-sectional survey of non-invasive HF telemonitoring. A total of 378 Japanese (120 cardiologists, 258 nurses) and 120 Swedish (39 cardiologists, 81 nurses) health care professionals from 165 Japanese and 61 Swedish hospitals/clinics nationwide participated in the study (210 in Japan and 98 in Sweden were approached). Data were collected between November 2013 and May 2014 with a questionnaire that was adapted from a previous Dutch study on telemonitoring.

Results

The mean age of the cardiologists and nurses was 47 years and 41 years, respectively. Experience at the current position caring for HF patients was 19 years among the physicians and 15 years among the nurses. In total, 7 Japanese (4.2%) and none of the Swedish health care institutions used telemonitoring. One fourth (24.0%, 118/498) of the health care professionals were familiar with the technology (in Japan: 21.6%, 82/378; in Sweden: 30.0%, 36/120). The highest expectations of telemonitoring (rated on a scale from 0-10) were reduced hospitalizations (8.3 in Japan and 7.5 in Sweden), increased patient self-care (7.8 and 7.4), and offering high-quality care (7.8 and 7.0). The major goal for introducing telemonitoring was to monitor physical condition and recognize signs of worsening HF in Japan (94.1%, 352/374) and Sweden (88.7%, 102/115). The following reasons were also high in Sweden: to monitor effects of treatment and adjust it remotely (86.9%, 100/115) and to do remote drug titration (79.1%, 91/115). Just under a quarter of Japanese (22.4%, 85/378) and over a third of Swedish (38.1%, 45/118) health care professionals thought that telemonitoring was a good way to follow up stable HF patients. Three domains of barriers were identified by content analysis: organizational barriers “how are we going to do it?” (categories include structure and resource), health care professionals themselves “what do we need to know and do” (reservation), and barriers related to patients “not everybody would benefit” (internal and external shortcomings).

Conclusions

Telemonitoring for HF patients has not been implemented in Japan or Sweden. However, health care professionals have expectations of telemonitoring to reduce patients’ hospitalizations and increase patient self-care. There are still a wide range of barriers to the implementation of HF telemonitoring.     

Longitudinal Study of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase- and AmpC-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Household Dogs

A longitudinal study was performed to (i) investigate the continuity of shedding of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in dogs without clinical signs, (ii) identify dominant plasmid-mediated ESBL genes, and (iii) quantify ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in feces. Fecal samples from 38 dogs were collected monthly for 6 months. Additional samples were collected from 7 included dogs on a weekly basis for 6 weeks. Numbers of CFU per gram of feces for non-wild-type Enterobacteriaceae were determined by using MacConkey agar supplemented with 1 mg/liter cefotaxime (MCC), and those for total Enterobacteriaceae were determined by using MacConkey agar. Cefotaxime-resistant isolates were screened by PCR and sequence analysis for the presence of bla_CTX-M, bla_CMY, bla_SHV, bla_OXA, and bla_TEM gene families. Bacterial species were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. PCR-negative isolates were tested by a double-disk synergy test for enhanced AmpC expression. A total of 259 samples were screened, and 126 samples were culture positive on MCC, resulting in 352 isolates, 327 of which were Escherichia coli. Nine dogs were continuously positive during this study, and 6 dogs were continuously negative. Monthly or weekly shifts in fecal shedding were observed for 23 dogs. Genotyping showed a large variety of ESBL genes and gene combinations at single and multiple consecutive sampling moments. The ESBL genes bla_CTX-M-1, bla_CTX-M-14, bla_CTX-M-15, bla_SHV-12, and bla_CMY-2 were most frequently found. The mean number of CFU of non-wild-type Enterobacteriaceae was 6.11 × 10⁸ CFU/g feces. This study showed an abundance of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in dogs in the Netherlands, mostly in high concentrations. Fecal shedding was shown to be highly dynamic over time, which is important to consider when studying ESBL epidemiology.     

The influence of vertically and horizontally aligned visual distractors on aurally guided saccadic eye movements

Eye movements towards a new target can be guided or disrupted by input from multiple modalities. The degree of oculomotor competition evoked by a distractor depends on both distractor and target properties, such as distractor salience or certainty regarding the target location. The ability to localize the target is particularly important when studying saccades made towards auditory targets, since determination of elevation and azimuth of a sound are based on different processes, and these processes may be affected independently by a distractor. We investigated the effects of a visual distractor on saccadic eye movements made to an auditory target in a two-dimensional plane. Results showed that the competition evoked by a vertical visual distractor was stronger compared with a horizontal visual distractor. The eye movements that were not captured by the vertical visual distractor were still influenced by it: a deviation of endpoints was seen in the direction of the visual distractor. Furthermore, the interference evoked by a high-contrast visual distractor was stronger compared with low-contrast visual stimuli, which was reflected by a faster initiation of an eye movement towards the high-contrast visual distractor and a stronger shift of endpoints in the direction of the high-contrast visual distractor. Together, these findings show that the influence of a visual distractor on aurally guided eye movements depends strongly on its location relative to the target, and to a lesser extent, on stimulus contrast.     

Reversibility of Retinal Microvascular Changes in Severe Falciparum Malaria

Malarial retinopathy allows detailed study of central nervous system vascular pathology in living patients with severe malaria. An adult with cerebral malaria is described who had prominent retinal whitening with corresponding retinal microvascular obstruction, vessel dilatation, increased vascular tortuosity, and blood retinal barrier leakage with decreased visual acuity, all of which resolved on recovery. Additional study of these features and their potential role in elucidating the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is warranted.The pathogenesis of coma in falciparum malaria and its rapid reversibility are potential targets for adjunctive therapies, but they are not well-understood. Microvascular obstruction is probably an important contributor. The brain microvasculature is relatively inaccessible; it can be studied in detail only at post-mortem. Similarly, microvascular obstruction in the retina is thought to be a major contributor to the unique retinopathy of severe falciparum malaria, and, because it is easily visualized in living subjects, in-depth study is providing new and valuable insights. We describe an adult patient with cerebral malaria who had prominent retinal changes with some previously unrecognized features that resolved on recovery.A 24-year-old male truck driver from Orissa, India was admitted with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria (parasitemia = 0.3%) with coma, generalized convulsions, hyperlactatemia, renal failure, and black urine. He had no prior medical history. Retinal photography showed bilateral patchy macular whitening with corresponding capillary non-perfusion and leakage of fluorescein caused by blood retinal barrier breakdown on fluorescein angiography (Figure 1). He was treated with intravenous artesunate, and from recovery of consciousness on day 3 to discharge, his visual acuity was markedly reduced (counting digits only), with loss of red–green color vision. Repeat examination on day 55 showed that the retinal changes, angiogram abnormalities, and visual deficits had resolved (acuity 6/9 bilaterally and normal color vision). Blood vessel tortuosity measured in three arteries and three veins by a single blinded observer tracing the center line of vessels between branch points in matched pairs of retinal photographs using Adobe Photoshop CS4 (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA)¹ was greater on day 0 than day 55 (mean ratios of vessel widths measured at 10 points in each vessel; 1.226 in arteries and 1.172 in veins; vessel lengths were 1.043 and 1.035). These differences are similar to those found previously in diabetic macular edema.¹Open in a separate windowFigure 1.(A and B) Retinal photographs and (C and D, arterial phase; E and F, late phase) fluorescein angiograms of the left eye. On day 3, increased vessel thickness and tortuosity plus (A) patchy macular whitening with corresponding areas of (C) reduced perfusion and (E) fluorescein leakage were seen. On day 55, normal vessels, (B) no whitening, and (D) normal perfusion around the fovea with (F) no leakage of fluorescein were seen.Malarial retinal whitening is thought to be caused by hypoxic opacification of the retina after obstruction of small blood vessels by sequestered parasites.^2,3 It is similar to patchy ischemic retinal whitening (PIRW), a transient early sign of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)² thought to represent intracellular edema of overlying retinal intermediary neurones.⁴ The degree of retinal whitening in adults and children correlates with severity of malaria and peripheral blood lactate.^5,6 Hyperlactatemia is common in severe malaria and at least partly caused by obstruction of the systemic microcirculation by sequestered parasites. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations are also raised in cerebral malaria, and in those cases it is predictive of mortality.⁷The appearance and distribution of retinal whitening are unique to severe falciparum malaria. Typically, there are multiple small lesions most prominent in the macula, particularly temporal to the fovea. This area is a watershed between the superior and inferior retinal vascular arcades and particularly vulnerable to ischemic insults. Midperipheral involvement in malaria distinguishes it from PIRW, Purtscher''s retinopathy, and cotton wool spots (sometimes also seen in malaria), which are distributed particularly around the optic disk and typically more opaque. Malarial retinopathy is considered reversible,^8,9 but this case is the first published photographic evidence of reversibility.The angiogram in this patient showed that the whitening corresponds closely to capillary non-perfusion. This finding has not been described previously in adults but is common in Malawian children with cerebral malaria.¹⁰ Post-mortem studies in Malawi have found retinal blood vessels in cerebral malaria to be packed with sequestered parasites,¹¹ similar to findings in the brain in adults.¹² Because retinal whitening⁹ and central nervous system (CNS) sequestration^13,14 are particularly prominent in patients with malarial coma (cerebral malaria), this finding suggests that small blood vessel CNS ischemia plays a major role in pathogenesis. In survivors, malarial coma is rapidly reversible and, as seen in the retina in this case, reversal of blood vessel obstruction is a plausible contributor.This patient had mildly increased tortuosity of retinal blood vessels that decreased on recovery. Although increased vascular tortuosity has not been well-described in malaria, it is a recognized feature of other vascular occlusive diseases of the retina. Vessel tortuosity is caused by a combination of vessel dilation from radial stretching and the vessel taking a more serpentine path because of longitudinal stretching.¹⁵ Several pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed for increased retinal vascular tortuosity. They include (1) increased blood flow in anemia, (2) early angiogenesis caused by ischemia or inflammation and (3) dysregulation of vascular tone caused by microvascular obstruction and relative hypoxia in diabetic retinopathy, and (4) venous congestion causing elevated vascular pressure and dilatation of blocked vessels in CRVO and raised intracranial pressure resulting in central retinal vein compression. In malaria, anemia is common, uninfected red blood cells have reduced deformability, and sequestered parasites cause microvascular and venular obstruction. Angiogenesis is probably unimportant over the short timescale.¹Increased vascular tortuosity has not been well-described previously in severe falciparum malaria, possibly because the normal appearance of retinal vessels varies significantly between individuals and subtle changes are difficult to identify. Ophthalmoscopy revealed engorgement and tortuosity of retinal veins in 26% of children with cerebral malaria in Ghana, which mostly resolved by 1 week.⁸ In our patient, comparison of retinal photographs provided a more objective measure. Means of quantifying vessel tortuosity using computer-aided image processing are under development.The angiogram in this patient showed focal leakage of fluorescein across the blood–retinal barrier (BRB) in areas of non-perfusion, suggesting a common etiology. The BRB is analogous to the blood–brain barrier, which is also mildly disrupted in cerebral malaria. Leakage from larger retinal vessels crossing ischemic areas is a well-known phenomenon in retinal ischemia. The significance of this finding as a contributor to the pathogenesis of malarial coma is not known. More angiographic studies are needed.This patient had decreased visual acuity, which had resolved at follow-up. Although it is not possible to give a cause, it is the first report of an association between macular retinal whitening and decreased visual acuity with subsequent recovery.Additional studies of malarial retinopathy have great potential to enhance our understanding of vascular changes in severe malaria. To maximize their impact, studies should use retinal photography, where possible, to allow detailed examination of the full range of fundus signs by multiple blinded observers. This examination should be done both acutely and at follow-up. Fluorescein angiography provides a highly detailed map of CNS retinal perfusion. There is a need for additional detailed studies to include assessment of vascular tortuosity to investigate its role as a potential early and sensitive marker in studies of severe malaria.The rate of reversibility of malarial retinopathy has potential as an end point in intervention studies of severe malaria, particularly for adjunctive therapies that directly target the pathogenesis. Additional information on the speed of reversibility of the various components of malarial retinopathy is needed, and studies are underway to investigate this.     

Sequestration and microvascular congestion are associated with coma in human cerebral malaria

The pathogenesis of coma in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains poorly understood. Obstruction of the brain microvasculature because of sequestration of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) represents one mechanism that could contribute to coma in cerebral malaria. Quantitative postmortem microscopy of brain sections from Vietnamese adults dying of malaria confirmed that sequestration in the cerebral microvasculature was significantly higher in patients with cerebral malaria (CM; n = 21) than in patients with non-CM (n = 23). Sequestration of pRBCs and CM was also significantly associated with increased microvascular congestion by infected and uninfected erythrocytes. Clinicopathological correlation showed that sequestration and congestion were significantly associated with deeper levels of premortem coma and shorter time to death. Microvascular congestion and sequestration were highly correlated as microscopic findings but were independent predictors of a clinical diagnosis of CM. Increased microvascular congestion accompanies coma in CM, associated with parasite sequestration in the cerebral microvasculature.     

Clinical Validation of Canadian WAIS-III Index Short Forms in Inpatient Neuropsychiatry and Forensic Psychiatry

Recent research has provided some support for the concurrent validity of two-subtest short forms for estimating Canadian WAIS-III Index scores in the standardization sample (Lange & Iverson, in press). The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of using various two-subtest short forms to estimate Canadian WAIS-III Index scores in a clinical population. Participants were 100 inpatients from two large psychiatric hospitals in British Columbia, Canada. Using all possible two-subtest combinations, estimated VCI, POI, and WMI scores were generated by prorating subtest scaled scores and using the Canadian normative data (Wechsler, 2001 Wechsler , D. ( 2001 ). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition: Canadian technical manual . Toronto , ON : Harcourt Canada . [Google Scholar]). The agreement rate between full form and short form index scores was very high for all subtest combinations (range = 90–98%). Two-subtest short forms were useful for estimating VCI, POI, and WMI scores in this population.     

Diagnosis, Clinical Presentation, and In-Hospital Mortality of Severe Malaria in HIV-Coinfected Children and Adults in Mozambique

Background.?Severe falciparum malaria with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection is common in settings with a high prevalence of both diseases, but there is little information on whether HIV affects the clinical presentation and outcome of severe malaria. Methods.?HIV status was assessed prospectively in hospitalized parasitemic adults and children with severe malaria in Beira, Mozambique, as part of a clinical trial comparing parenteral artesunate versus quinine (ISRCTN50258054). Clinical signs, comorbidity, complications, and disease outcome were compared according to HIV status. Results.?HIV-1 seroprevalence was 11% (74/655) in children under 15 years and 72% (49/68) in adults with severe malaria. Children with HIV coinfection presented with more severe acidosis, anemia, and respiratory distress, and higher peripheral blood parasitemia and plasma Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 (PfHRP2). During hospitalization, deterioration in coma score, convulsions, respiratory distress, and pneumonia were more common in HIV-coinfected children, and mortality was 26% (19/74) versus 9% (53/581) in uninfected children (P?相似文献   

Fetal Growth and Schizophrenia: A Nested Case-Control and Case-Sibling Study

The association between low birth weight and schizophrenia has been suggested by many studies. Small for gestational age (SGA) is a measure used as a proxy for intrauterine growth restriction. We aim to examine if children who are born SGA are at increased risk of developing schizophrenia and whether an association may be explained by factors shared among siblings. We linked 3 population-based registers: the Danish National Medical Birth Register, the Danish Psychiatric Central Register, and the Danish Civil Registration register to identify all persons born between 1978 and 2000. A nested case-control study and a case-sibling study design were used. There were 4650 cases of schizophrenia. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. SGA was defined as the lowest 10th birth weight percentile for a given sex and gestational age. SGA was associated with an IRR of 1.23 (95% CI: 1.11–1.37) for schizophrenia in the case-control study. An IRR of 1.28 (95% CI: 0.97–1.68) was found in the case-sibling study. There is a modest association between SGA and schizophrenia. Our results indicate that this association is due to an independent effect of factors associated with low birth weight for gestational age per se, rather than other factors shared by siblings.Key words: register, Denmark, cohort study, epidemiology