不同碘摄入水平对大鼠甲状腺功能影响的实验研究

目的研究不同碘摄入水平对大鼠甲状腺功能的影响。方法将Wistar大鼠分为低碘(LI)组、正常碘(NI)组、5倍、10倍、50倍、100倍高碘(5HI、10HI、50HI、100HI)组,在喂养3、6、12个月后处死,分别检测血清总T4(TT4)、总T3(TT3)、游离T3(FT3)、游离T4(FT4)、反T3(rT3)水平,以及甲状腺组织中T4、T3、rT3水平。结果3个月时血清TT4、FT4、TT3、FT3、rT3以及甲状腺组织中T4、T3、rT3水平,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为54．07、67．80、15．51、27．71、19．73、61．51、40．67、53．86,P<0．01);6个月时上述指标组间比较差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为58．80、58．75、19．64、17．22、47．21、46．01、47．22、126．87,P<0．01);12个月时甲状腺组织中T4、T3、rT3水平组间比较差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为20．44、17．69、29．23,P<0．01)。与NI组相比较,LI组血清和甲状腺组织内各激素水平明显降低,而高碘组随着时间的延长和摄入碘量的增加,血清各激素和甲状腺组织内T3水平出现逐渐降低趋势。结论碘缺乏和碘过量均可导致大鼠甲状腺功能低下,而碘缺乏的作用更明显;大鼠对长期高碘摄入比碘缺乏具有更强的耐受性,只有在长期补充过量碘(>50倍正常需要量)才发生甲状腺功能低下。     

2007年贵州省从江县碘缺乏病健康教育效果评价

Objective To evaluate the effect of health education in controlling the iodine deficiency diserders(IDD) in order to provide reference data for the further prevention and control. Methods Each village of 3 towns in Congjiang County was selected in 2007, where the health education lasting for 10 months had been implemented in the school students of 3-6 grade and the villagers. The school students of 3-6 grade and 30 housewives in the villagers were investigated for their IDD control knowledge, the salt consuming conditions as well as the sales of both rough and fine salt at a salt retail site in each village before and after the health education was implemented. Results The awareness rate of the knowledge of IDD control in the students and housewives was 91.4% (581/636) and 78.3% (282/360), respectively after intervention, which significantly increased (χ2= 532.044, 326.117, both P < 0.01) compared with the rate of 28.2% (184/652) and 11.4% (41/360) before intervention. The proportion of consuming fine salt was 91.8%(146/159) and 95.6%(86/90), significantly inereased(χ2= 236.623, 135.350, both P < 0.01) compared with 6.1%(10/163) and 7.8% (7/90) found before intervention. The selling proportion of fine salt at the salt retail site in the village was 60.0%(900/1500), significantly increased(χ2= 824.176, P < 0.01) compared with 10.0%(150/1500) before intervention. Conclusions Health education and promotion is solid foundation for effectively controlling IDD, through which the students and villagers are actively and voluntarily involved in the program and hence have formed good living and hygiene habits, thus expected effect has been obtained.     

新疆阿克苏地区拜城县哺乳期妇女碘与铁营养现况调查

目的 了解新疆阿克苏地区拜城县碘缺乏重病区哺乳期妇女碘与铁营养现况,为缺碘地区重点人群碘缺乏病防治工作提供依据.方法 2007年在阿克苏地区碘缺乏病重病区拜城县,选取温巴什、察尔齐、大桥、托克逊4个乡作为调查点.每个乡分别选哺乳期妇女30～40人进行人户调查,采集一次随意尿样以及当地饮用水测定含碘量.静脉穿刺采集调查对象全血,放射免疫分析方法测定血清铁蛋白(SF),亚铁嗪比色法测定血清铁(SI)、总铁结合力(TIBC),化学发光免疫分析方法测定FT3、FT4、TSH.结果 共调查137名哺乳期妇女,尿碘中位数为134.99μg/L,但4个乡中,大桥(99.73 μg/L)和托克逊(44.17μg/L)乡的哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数<100μL;察尔齐[21.1%(8/38)]、大桥[21.4%(6/28)]、托克逊[47.8%(11/23)]乡尿碘<50μg/L者所占比例均>20%.居民饮用水共采集78份,水碘中位数为2.15 μg/L.检测血清SF、SI低于正常值的各占47.6%(59/124)、16.9%(21/124),TIBC高于正常值的占20.2%(25/124),n低于正常值的占11.8%(15/127),TSH高于正常值的占10.2%(13/127).结论 阿克苏地区拜城县部分哺乳期妇女同时存在碘缺乏与铁缺乏,建议对该部分重点人群采取有效的补碘、补铁干预措施.     

不同碘水平对哺乳期母鼠和仔鼠的甲状腺功能及子代生长发育的影响

目的研究不同碘水平对哺乳期母鼠和仔鼠的甲状腺功能以及子代生长发育的影响。方法Wistar母鼠随机分为4组：重度缺碘组（SID）、轻度缺碘组（MiID）、正常碘组（NI）、碘过量组（ExI）。所有大鼠均食用缺碘饲料,饮水给予不同剂量的碘化钾,喂养3个月后交配,检测哺乳14d时母鼠及其仔鼠的尿碘、乳汁碘和血液甲状腺激素（TH）水平,观察仔鼠的体格发育和神经发育的情况,采用MIAS-2000图像分析系统测量生后10、14、20、25、28日龄仔鼠小脑外颗粒层（EGL）厚度。结果（1）母鼠及仔鼠尿碘、乳汁碘均随饮食碘供给量的增加而增加,其组间变化幅度以母鼠尿碘为最高、仔鼠尿碘次之、乳汁碘最低;（2）SID组母鼠血清TT4、TT3／TT4比值升高,仔鼠TT4降低,与NI组比较有统计学意义,而MiID和ExI组无论母鼠和仔鼠均与NI组无明显差异;（3）SID组仔鼠体格和神经发育明显落后于NI组,小脑EGL增殖和消退明显延迟;MiID和ExI组仔鼠的各项发育指标与NI组无明显差别。结论母亲重度缺碘会严重影响子代的生长发育和神经发育,但在轻度缺碘和碘过量（正常碘的30倍左右）时,通过母体的代偿作用可以保证子代正常的碘营养、甲状腺功能以及生长发育。     

妊娠期大鼠不同程度碘缺乏对胎鼠碘代谢和甲状腺功能的影响

Objective To study the effects of iodine deficiency during pregnancy on fetal iodine metabolism and thyroid function. Methods Wistar dams were randomly divided into four groups: severe iodine deficiency(SID), moderate iodine deficiency(MoID), mild iodine deficiency(MiID) and normal iodine(NI). All the dams were fed with iodine deficient food(iodine contents: 50 μg/kg) and drinking water with different doses of KI (0,54.9,163.8,381.7 μg/L) for 3 months till mating. Iodine was supplied at the dose of 1.24 μg/d(SID), 2.50 μg/d(MoID), 5.00 μg/d(MiID) and 10.00 μg/d(NI), respectively. The dams and their fetuses on gestation of 20 days were studied. Urine iodine of dams and iodine contents in fetal amniotic fluid were measured by As3+-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry using ammonium persulfate digestion. And blood iodine in pregnant rats and iodine contents in placental tissue were measured by As3+-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry in dry ash of samples in KClO3-ZnSO4-K2CO3-NaCl. Thyroid hormone levels in mother serum and in fetal amniotic fluid were detected by chemiluminascent assay, and their thyroid glands were weighted and carefully observed. Results ①Iodine content in urine and blood of pregnant rats and amniotic fluid of fetal rats reduced along with their decrease of iodine supply. Urine iodine median of rats in 4 groups(NI: 353.7 μg/L; MiID: 115.9 μg/L; MoID: 26.9 μg/L; SID: 0 μg/L) were statistically significant(χ2=32.884, P < 0.01). Blood iodine level in MoID and SID[(29.4±18.6), (11.7± 7.0)μg/L]was significantly lower than that in NI[(49.1±23.0)μg/L, P < 0.05 or < 0.01]. In iodine deficiency groups, there was a decreasing trend in iodine contents of fetal amniotic fluid[MiID: (48.3±23.1)μg/L; MoID: (29.2±14.7)μ/L; SID:(19.5±6.7)μg/L]and an increasing tendency in iodine contents of placental tissue [MiID: (0.57±0.26)μg/g, MoID: (0.53±0.34)μg/g; SID: (0.53±0.15)μg/g], but there was no statistical significance(P>0.05). ②In SID, TT4[(14.3±4.1)nmol/L]and FT4[(10.8±3.6)pmol/L]were lower than that in NI[(28.4±19.3)nmol/L, (20.2±8.0)pmol/L, P < 0.05 or < 0.01], while that in MoID[(22.1±6.1)nmol/L, (18.5±4.1)pmol/L]and MiID[(25.5±13.1)nmol/L, (18.6±8.4)pmol/L]were decreased without statistical significance(P > 0.05). And FT3/FT4 ratio(0.34±0.16), absolute[(48.4±22.7)mg]and relative weights[(144± 76)mg/kg]of thyroid gland in pregnant rats were respectively higher than that in NI[0.16±0.02, (19.5±3.1)mg, (66±10)mg/kg, P<0.01]. But that in MoID[0.19±0.04, (27.0±5.7)mg, (84±19)mg/kg]and MiID[0.17± 0.06, (25.0±8.9)mg, (78±25)mg/kg]were increased without statistical significance(P > 0.05). A visibly congestive enlargement thyroid was found in SID, while thyroid mildly enlarged in MoID and MiID. ③Compared with NI [(2.38±1.55)pmol/L,0.50±0.18], the FT4 levels [(1.07±0.87) pmol/L]in amniotic fluid were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and the FT3/FT4 ratio (1.96±0.61) was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in SID. There were no statistical significances(P > 0.05) in other 3 groups[MiID: (2.77±0.90)pmol/L,0.46±0.15; MoID: (2.35±0.76)pmoL/L,0.61±0.21]. A visible thyroid enlargement with hyperemia was observed in SID fetus while in other 2 experiment groups their thyroids were only mildly congested. Conclusions Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in both mother and fetus overt hypothyroidism. The fetal thyroid hormone levels in mild iodine deficiency status is close to normal levels because of maternal and placental compensation. Moreover, both the dam and the fetus suffer from the negative effects in moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy.     

妊娠期大鼠不同程度碘缺乏对胎鼠碘代谢和甲状腺功能的影响

Objective To study the effects of iodine deficiency during pregnancy on fetal iodine metabolism and thyroid function. Methods Wistar dams were randomly divided into four groups: severe iodine deficiency(SID), moderate iodine deficiency(MoID), mild iodine deficiency(MiID) and normal iodine(NI). All the dams were fed with iodine deficient food(iodine contents: 50 μg/kg) and drinking water with different doses of KI (0,54.9,163.8,381.7 μg/L) for 3 months till mating. Iodine was supplied at the dose of 1.24 μg/d(SID), 2.50 μg/d(MoID), 5.00 μg/d(MiID) and 10.00 μg/d(NI), respectively. The dams and their fetuses on gestation of 20 days were studied. Urine iodine of dams and iodine contents in fetal amniotic fluid were measured by As3+-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry using ammonium persulfate digestion. And blood iodine in pregnant rats and iodine contents in placental tissue were measured by As3+-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry in dry ash of samples in KClO3-ZnSO4-K2CO3-NaCl. Thyroid hormone levels in mother serum and in fetal amniotic fluid were detected by chemiluminascent assay, and their thyroid glands were weighted and carefully observed. Results ①Iodine content in urine and blood of pregnant rats and amniotic fluid of fetal rats reduced along with their decrease of iodine supply. Urine iodine median of rats in 4 groups(NI: 353.7 μg/L; MiID: 115.9 μg/L; MoID: 26.9 μg/L; SID: 0 μg/L) were statistically significant(χ2=32.884, P < 0.01). Blood iodine level in MoID and SID[(29.4±18.6), (11.7± 7.0)μg/L]was significantly lower than that in NI[(49.1±23.0)μg/L, P < 0.05 or < 0.01]. In iodine deficiency groups, there was a decreasing trend in iodine contents of fetal amniotic fluid[MiID: (48.3±23.1)μg/L; MoID: (29.2±14.7)μ/L; SID:(19.5±6.7)μg/L]and an increasing tendency in iodine contents of placental tissue [MiID: (0.57±0.26)μg/g, MoID: (0.53±0.34)μg/g; SID: (0.53±0.15)μg/g], but there was no statistical significance(P>0.05). ②In SID, TT4[(14.3±4.1)nmol/L]and FT4[(10.8±3.6)pmol/L]were lower than that in NI[(28.4±19.3)nmol/L, (20.2±8.0)pmol/L, P < 0.05 or < 0.01], while that in MoID[(22.1±6.1)nmol/L, (18.5±4.1)pmol/L]and MiID[(25.5±13.1)nmol/L, (18.6±8.4)pmol/L]were decreased without statistical significance(P > 0.05). And FT3/FT4 ratio(0.34±0.16), absolute[(48.4±22.7)mg]and relative weights[(144± 76)mg/kg]of thyroid gland in pregnant rats were respectively higher than that in NI[0.16±0.02, (19.5±3.1)mg, (66±10)mg/kg, P<0.01]. But that in MoID[0.19±0.04, (27.0±5.7)mg, (84±19)mg/kg]and MiID[0.17± 0.06, (25.0±8.9)mg, (78±25)mg/kg]were increased without statistical significance(P > 0.05). A visibly congestive enlargement thyroid was found in SID, while thyroid mildly enlarged in MoID and MiID. ③Compared with NI [(2.38±1.55)pmol/L,0.50±0.18], the FT4 levels [(1.07±0.87) pmol/L]in amniotic fluid were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and the FT3/FT4 ratio (1.96±0.61) was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in SID. There were no statistical significances(P > 0.05) in other 3 groups[MiID: (2.77±0.90)pmol/L,0.46±0.15; MoID: (2.35±0.76)pmoL/L,0.61±0.21]. A visible thyroid enlargement with hyperemia was observed in SID fetus while in other 2 experiment groups their thyroids were only mildly congested. Conclusions Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in both mother and fetus overt hypothyroidism. The fetal thyroid hormone levels in mild iodine deficiency status is close to normal levels because of maternal and placental compensation. Moreover, both the dam and the fetus suffer from the negative effects in moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy.     

不同碘负荷对小鼠甲状腺钠碘转运体基因表达的影响

目的 旨在探讨不同碘负荷状态下钠碘转运体(NIS)基因表达的变化及其在甲状腺自身调节中的作用.方法 取断乳1月龄的Babl/c小鼠按碘摄入量不同分为低碘绀、正常碘组、5倍碘组、10倍碘组和50倍碘组,饲养3个月、6个月后处死动物.采用实时荧光定量PCR和免疫组化检测NIS mRNA和蛋白表达水平,采用过硫酸铵消化砷-铈催化分光光度法测定甲状腺组织碘含量,采用竞争结合放射免疫分析方法检测甲状腺组织激素水平.结果 与正常碘组比较.各月龄低碘组小鼠NIS mRNA和蛋白表达显著上调,NIS主要定位于细胞膜.具有运碘功能,甲状腺摄碘功能增强,但长期严重碘缺乏最终导致甲状腺组织中碘含量和甲状腺组织激素水平明显降低;各高碘组NIS mRNA和蛋白表达有所下降,呈现随碘摄入量增加表达逐渐减低的趋势,且NIS主要分布于胞浆内,不具备跨膜转运碘的能力.甲状腺摄碘能力显著下降,甲状腺组织中碘含量虽有所升高,但小与碘摄人成平行关系.结论 不同碘负荷状态下 NIS基因表达的调控可发生在转录、翻译和翻译后水平,NIS基因表达及其活性的调节是机体适应低碘、耐受高碘的一种重要保护机制,是甲状腺自身调节的关键所在.     

2007年贵州省从江县碘缺乏病健康教育效果评价

Objective To evaluate the effect of health education in controlling the iodine deficiency diserders(IDD) in order to provide reference data for the further prevention and control. Methods Each village of 3 towns in Congjiang County was selected in 2007, where the health education lasting for 10 months had been implemented in the school students of 3-6 grade and the villagers. The school students of 3-6 grade and 30 housewives in the villagers were investigated for their IDD control knowledge, the salt consuming conditions as well as the sales of both rough and fine salt at a salt retail site in each village before and after the health education was implemented. Results The awareness rate of the knowledge of IDD control in the students and housewives was 91.4% (581/636) and 78.3% (282/360), respectively after intervention, which significantly increased (χ2= 532.044, 326.117, both P < 0.01) compared with the rate of 28.2% (184/652) and 11.4% (41/360) before intervention. The proportion of consuming fine salt was 91.8%(146/159) and 95.6%(86/90), significantly inereased(χ2= 236.623, 135.350, both P < 0.01) compared with 6.1%(10/163) and 7.8% (7/90) found before intervention. The selling proportion of fine salt at the salt retail site in the village was 60.0%(900/1500), significantly increased(χ2= 824.176, P < 0.01) compared with 10.0%(150/1500) before intervention. Conclusions Health education and promotion is solid foundation for effectively controlling IDD, through which the students and villagers are actively and voluntarily involved in the program and hence have formed good living and hygiene habits, thus expected effect has been obtained.     

不同碘负荷对小鼠甲状腺钠碘转运体基因表达的影响

目的 旨在探讨不同碘负荷状态下钠碘转运体(NIS)基因表达的变化及其在甲状腺自身调节中的作用.方法 取断乳1月龄的Babl/c小鼠按碘摄入量不同分为低碘绀、正常碘组、5倍碘组、10倍碘组和50倍碘组,饲养3个月、6个月后处死动物.采用实时荧光定量PCR和免疫组化检测NIS mRNA和蛋白表达水平,采用过硫酸铵消化砷-铈催化分光光度法测定甲状腺组织碘含量,采用竞争结合放射免疫分析方法检测甲状腺组织激素水平.结果 与正常碘组比较.各月龄低碘组小鼠NIS mRNA和蛋白表达显著上调,NIS主要定位于细胞膜.具有运碘功能,甲状腺摄碘功能增强,但长期严重碘缺乏最终导致甲状腺组织中碘含量和甲状腺组织激素水平明显降低;各高碘组NIS mRNA和蛋白表达有所下降,呈现随碘摄入量增加表达逐渐减低的趋势,且NIS主要分布于胞浆内,不具备跨膜转运碘的能力.甲状腺摄碘能力显著下降,甲状腺组织中碘含量虽有所升高,但小与碘摄人成平行关系.结论 不同碘负荷状态下 NIS基因表达的调控可发生在转录、翻译和翻译后水平,NIS基因表达及其活性的调节是机体适应低碘、耐受高碘的一种重要保护机制,是甲状腺自身调节的关键所在.     

碘对大鼠甲状腺细胞凋亡及bax、bcl-2基因mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨碘对甲状腺细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因表达的影响。方法Wistar大鼠分为6组,即低碘组(LI)、正常碘组(NI)、5倍碘组(5HI)、10倍碘组(10HI)、50倍碘组(50HI)、100倍碘组(100HI),用含不同碘的自来水喂养,6个月后取甲状腺。末端标记法(TUNEL)进行原位细胞凋亡检测,反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法对甲状腺细胞凋亡相关基因bax、bcl-2进行半定量测定。结果原位细胞凋亡检测结果表明,LI组细胞凋亡明显,而NI组与其他组均未见凋亡细胞。baxmRNA表达水平以bax/β-actin光密度比表示,LI组为1.096±0.089,NI组为0.647±0.062,5HI组为0.638±0.191,10HI组为0.676±0.081,50HI组为0.644±0.092,100HI组为0.751±0.152;同样方法表示,bcl-2mRNA表达水平分别为0.273±0.185、0.172±0.115、0.236±0.107、0.235±0.071、0.267±0.065、0.313±0.062。结果表明,在LI组大鼠甲状腺bax、bcl-2mRNA表达水平均明显增加(P<0.05);在其他组,bcl-2mRNA表达水平随给碘量增加而增加,而bax无明显变化。但bax/bcl-2比值随摄入碘量增加而呈降低趋势。结论碘缺乏易诱发大鼠甲状腺细胞凋亡;而碘过量不易引起细胞凋亡,甲状腺细胞对碘过量有一定耐受能力。bcl-2家族参与甲状腺细胞凋亡过程。