空调换热器长期运行性能衰减的加速实验研究

为研究长期积尘对空调室外机性能衰减的影响,本文采用对空调室外换热器进行加速测试方法,在高粉尘浓度环境下短时间积尘模拟实际空调在低粉尘浓度下长期运行时的积尘效果,从而加快换热器的积尘进程以达到加速测试的目的。基于上述方法搭建了换热器加速测试实验台,对具有不同翅片结构与管排数的3种换热器样件进行2～10 h的加速积尘测试,预测其在室外运行1～5年后的性能衰减效果。测试结果表明:空调换热器使用5年后,1排管波纹翅片换热器、2排管波纹翅片换热器和2排管平直翅片换热器的压降增幅分别为21.8%、29.5%和25.0%,换热量衰减率分别为11.2%、19.3%和18.0%。     

Atomically Dispersed Ni–N4 Sites Assist Pt3Ni Nanocages with Pt Skin to Synergistically Enhance Oxygen Reduction Activity and Stability

Currently, the rarity and high cost of platinum (Pt)-based electrocatalysts seriously limit their commercial application in fuel cells cathode. Decorating Pt with atomically dispersed metal–nitrogen sites possibly offers an effective pathway to synergy tailor their catalytic activity and stability. Here active and stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts (Pt₃Ni@Ni–N₄–C) by in situ loading Pt₃Ni nanocages with Pt skin on single-atom nickel–nitrogen (Ni–N₄) embedded carbon supports are designed and constructed. The Pt₃Ni@Ni–N₄–C exhibits excellent mass activity (MA) of 1.92 A mg_Pt⁻¹ and specific activity of 2.65 mA cm_Pt⁻², together with superior durability of 10 mV decay in half-wave potential and only 2.1% loss in MA after 30 000 cycles. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that Ni–N₄ sites significant redistribute of electrons and make them transfer from both the adjacent carbon and Pt atoms to the Ni–N₄. The resultant electron accumulation region successfully anchored Pt₃Ni, that not only improves structural stability of the Pt₃Ni, but importantly makes the surface Pt more positive to weaken the adsorption of *OH to enhance ORR activity. This strategy lays the groundwork for the development of super effective and durable Pt-based ORR catalysts.     

Novel Structural Design and Adsorption/Insertion Coordinating Quasi-Metallic Na Storage Mechanism toward High-performance Hard Carbon Anode Derived from Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Hard Carbon have become the most promising anode candidates for sodium-ion batteries, but the poor rate performance and cycle life remain key issues. In this work, N-doped hard carbon with abundant defects and expanded interlayer spacing is constructed by using carboxymethyl cellulose sodium as precursor with the assistance of graphitic carbon nitride. The formation of N-doped nanosheet structure is realized by the C N• or C C• radicals generated through the conversion of nitrile intermediates in the pyrolysis process. This greatly enhances the rate capability (192.8 mAh g⁻¹ at 5.0 A g⁻¹) and ultra-long cycle stability (233.3 mAh g⁻¹ after 2000 cycles at 0.5 A g⁻¹). In situ Raman spectroscopy, ex situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis in combination with comprehensive electrochemical characterizations, reveal that the interlayer insertion coordinated quasi-metallic sodium storage in the low potential plateau region and adsorption storage in the high potential sloping region. The first-principles density functional theory calculations further demonstrate strong coordination effect on nitrogen defect sites to capture sodium, especially with pyrrolic N, uncovering the formation mechanism of quasi-metallic bond in the sodium storage. This work provides new insights into the sodium storage mechanism of high-performance carbonaceous materials, and offers new opportunities for better design of hard carbon anode.     

Platinum Nanoparticles to Enable Electrodynamic Therapy for Effective Cancer Treatment

Electrochemical therapy (EChT), by inserting electrodes directly into tumors to kill cancer cells under direct current (DC), is clinically used in several countries. In EChT, the drastic pH variation nearby the inserted electrodes is the main cause of tumor damage. However, its limited effective area and complex electrode configuration have hindered the clinical application of EChT in treating diverse tumor types. Herein, a conceptually new electric cancer treatment approach is presented through an electro‐driven catalytic reaction with platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) under a square‐wave alternating current (AC). The electric current triggers a reaction between water molecules and chloride ions on the surface of the PtNPs, generating cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals. Such a mechanism, called electrodynamic therapy (EDT), enables effective killing of cancer cells within the whole electric field, in contrast to EChT, which is limited to areas nearby electrodes. Remarkable tumor destruction efficacy is further demonstrated in this in vivo EDT treatment with PtNPs. Therefore, this study presents a new type of cancer therapy strategy with a tumor‐killing mechanism different from existing methods, using nanoparticles with electrocatalytic functions. This EDT method appears to be minimally invasive, and is able to offer homogeneous killing effects to the entire tumor with a relatively large size.     

Lead Selenide (PbSe) Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells with >10% Efficiency

Low‐cost solution‐processed lead chalcogenide colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) have garnered great attention in photovoltaic (PV) applications. In particular, lead selenide (PbSe) CQDs are regarded as attractive active absorbers in solar cells due to their high multiple‐exciton generation and large exciton Bohr radius. However, their low air stability and occurrence of traps/defects during film formation restrict their further development. Air‐stable PbSe CQDs are first synthesized through a cation exchange technique, followed by a solution‐phase ligand exchange approach, and finally absorber films are prepared using a one‐step spin‐coating method. The best PV device fabricated using PbSe CQD inks exhibits a reproducible power conversion efficiency of 10.68%, 16% higher than the previous efficiency record (9.2%). Moreover, the device displays remarkably 40‐day storage and 8 h illuminating stability. This novel strategy could provide an alternative route toward the use of PbSe CQDs in low‐cost and high‐performance infrared optoelectronic devices, such as infrared photodetectors and multijunction solar cells.     

计算机控制工程结构试验系统的实现

本文介绍ＨＰ计算机工作站开发应用于国产电液伺服结构试验机,构成可靠性强、控制精度高的工程结构试验系统。通过开发应用软件与该试验系统相结合,可实现自动闭环加载、自动数据采集储存、实时处理输出。该系统适用于各种不同结构模型以及构件的静力、疲劳和拟动力试验。     

Web主页中的动画工具——EGOR

在Web主页中添加动画和声音,可以增加主页的效果及趣味。本文介绍了一种高效、简单的动画制作工具——EGOR。     

基于集成学习投票算法的Android恶意应用检测

针对Android平台恶意应用的检测技术,提出一种基于集成学习投票算法的Android恶意程序检测方法MASV（Soft-Voting Algorithm）,以有效地对未知应用程序进行分类。从已知开源的数据集中获取了实验的基础数据,使用的应用程序集包含213 256个良性应用程序以及18 363个恶意应用程序。使用SVM-RFE特征选择算法对特征进行降维。使用多个分类器的集合,即SVM（Support Vector Machine）、[K]-NN[（K]-Nearest Neighbor）、NB（Na?ve Bayes）、CART（Classification and Regression Tree）和RF（Random Forest）,以检测恶意应用程序和良性应用程序。使用梯度上升算法确定集成学习软投票的基分类器权重参数。实验结果表明,该方法在恶意应用程序检测中达到了99.27%的准确率。     

残差密集空间金字塔网络的城市遥感图像分割

目的 遥感图像语义分割是根据土地覆盖类型对图像中每个像素进行分类,是遥感图像处理领域的一个重要研究方向。由于遥感图像包含的地物尺度差别大、地物边界复杂等原因,准确提取遥感图像特征具有一定难度,使得精确分割遥感图像比较困难。卷积神经网络因其自主分层提取图像特征的特点逐步成为图像处理领域的主流算法,本文将基于残差密集空间金字塔的卷积神经网络应用于城市地区遥感图像分割,以提升高分辨率城市地区遥感影像语义分割的精度。方法 模型将带孔卷积引入残差网络,代替网络中的下采样操作,在扩大特征图感受野的同时能够保持特征图尺寸不变;模型基于密集连接机制级联空间金字塔结构各分支,每个分支的输出都有更加密集的感受野信息;模型利用跳线连接跨层融合网络特征,结合网络中的高层语义特征和低层纹理特征恢复空间信息。结果 基于ISPRS （International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing） Vaihingen地区遥感数据集展开充分的实验研究,实验结果表明,本文模型在6种不同的地物分类上的平均交并比和平均F₁值分别达到69.88%和81.39%,性能在数学指标和视觉效果上均优于SegNet、pix2pix、Res-shuffling-Net以及SDFCN （symmetrical dense-shortcut fully convolutional network）算法。结论 将密集连接改进空间金字塔池化网络应用于高分辨率遥感图像语义分割,该模型利用了遥感图像不同尺度下的特征、高层语义信息和低层纹理信息,有效提升了城市地区遥感图像分割精度。