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71.
Takejiro Takamatsu Mirai Watanabe Masami K. Koshikawa Shigeki Yamamura 《The Science of the total environment》2010,408(8):1932-1942
Soil cores and rainwater were sampled under canopies of Cryptomeria japonica in four montane areas along an atmospheric depositional gradient in Kanto, Japan. Soil cores (30 cm in depth) were divided into 2-cm or 4-cm segments for analysis. Vertical distributions of elemental enrichment ratios in soils were calculated as follows: (X/Al)i/(X/Al)BG (where the numerator and denominator are concentration ratios of element-X and Al in the i- and bottom segments of soil cores, respectively). The upper 14-cm soil layer showed higher levels of Cu, Zn, As, Sb, and Pb than the lower (14-30 cm) soil layer. In the four areas, the average enrichment ratios in the upper 6-cm soil layer were as follows: Pb (4.93) ≥ Sb (4.06) ≥ As (3.04) > Zn (1.71) ≥ Cu (1.56). Exogenous elements (kg/ha) accumulated in the upper 14-cm soil layer were as follows: Zn (26.0) > Pb (12.4) > Cu (4.48) ≥ As (3.43) ≥ Sb (0.49). These rank orders were consistent with those of elements in anthropogenic aerosols and polluted (roadside) air, respectively, indicating that air pollutants probably caused enrichment of these elements in the soil surface layer. Approximately half of the total concentrations of As, Sb, and Pb in the upper 14-cm soil layer were derived from exogenous (anthropogenic) sources. Sb showed the highest enrichment factor in anthropogenic aerosols, and shows similar deposition behavior to NO3−, which is a typical acidic air pollutant. There was a strong correlation between Sb and NO3− concentrations in rainfall (e.g., in the throughfall under C. japonica: [NO3−] = 21.1 [dissolved Sb], r = 0.938, p < 0.0001, n = 182). Using this correlation, total (cumulative) inputs of NO3− were estimated from the accumulated amounts of exogenous Sb in soils, i.e., 16.7 t/ha at Mt. Kinsyo (most polluted), 8.6 t/ha at Mt. Tsukuba (moderately polluted), and 5.8 t/ha at the Taga mountain system (least polluted). There are no visible ecological effects of these accumulated elements in the Kanto region at present. However, the concentrations of some elements are within a harmful range, according to the Ecological Soil Screening Levels determined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 相似文献
72.
Masao Kubo Takashi Matsubara Satoshi Shimizu Hiroshi Sato 《Artificial Life and Robotics》2010,15(2):207-211
In this article, a new localization approach for a team of robots that use the emergent properties of their formation is proposed.
Synchronized behavior sometimes generates spin-off effects that include geometric patterns. The question then arises as to
whether it is possible to use these patterns for something important for robots. In this article, Takayama’s control strategy,
which is a target enclosure formation, is discussed. A simple and useful expansion of Monte Carlo localization by the emergent
pattern is proposed. The proposed algorithms are confirmed through a series of computer simulations. 相似文献
73.
W. Shin T. Nakashima M. Nishibori T. Itoh N. Izu I. Matsubara Y. Nakagawa A. Yamamoto H. Obara 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2011,40(5):817-822
The performance of a microcombustor thermoelectric generator device based on a thermopile using p-type Bi0.3Sb1.7Te3 (BST) and n-type Pt films has been investigated. The BST films were prepared by two different methods—pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and
sputter deposition—on Si3N4/SiO2 multilayers on Si substrate. The ceramic catalyst combustor was patterned on the thermopile end on a thin membrane fabricated
by back-side bulk etching of the silicon substrate. At 138°C the thermoelectric power factors of the PLD and sputter-deposited
films were 3.6 × 10−3 W/mK2 and 0.22 × 10−3 W/mK2, respectively. The power from the generator with the sputter-deposited film was 0.343 μW, which was superior to that of the device with the PLD film, which provided 0.1 μW, for combustion of a 200 sccm flow of 3 v/v% hydrogen in air. 相似文献
74.
Md. Zaved Hossain Khan Takuya Nakanishi Shigeki Kuroiwa Yoichi Hoshi Tetsuya Osaka 《Electrochimica acta》2011,(24):8657
The effect of surface modification of indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode on its potential response to tryptophan was investigated for ITO substrates with different surface roughness. It was found that a small difference in surface roughness, between ∼1 and ∼2 nm of Ra evaluated by atomic force microscopy, affects the rest potential of ITO electrode in the electrolyte. A slight difference in In:Sn ratio at the near surface of the ITO substrates, measured by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and Auger electron spectroscopy is remarkable, and considered to relate with surface roughness. Interestingly, successive modification of the ITO surface with aminopropylsilane and disuccinimidyl suberate, of which essentiality to the potential response to indole compounds we previously reported, improved the stability of the rest potential and enabled the electrodes to respond to tryptophan in case of specimens with Ra values ranging between ∼2 and ∼3 nm but not for those with Ra of ∼1 nm. It was suggested that there are optimum values of effective work function of ITO for specific potential response to tryptophan, which can be obtained by the successive modification of ITO surface. 相似文献
75.
Ken Takahashi Yasushi Minagawa Shigeki Yamada Tsunehiro Unno 《Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells》2001,66(1-4)
Improvement of efficiency of Al0.36Ga0.64As solar cells is advanced in two aspects of minority-carrier lifetime: reduction of majority-carrier concentration in the emitter and base layers, and reduction of deep levels in the back-surface-field (BSF) layer. A pp−n−n structure is proposed to optimize the use of the effect of reduced majority-carrier concentration, and its effectiveness verified in a preparatory experiment on Al0.3Ga0.7As solar cells. A very poor photoluminescence (PL) decay time (below 0.3 ns) of a BSF layer heavily doped with Si becomes 14-fold longer when Se is applied to the dopant instead of Si, resulting in an improvement of the external quantum efficiency near the absorption edge. These two aspects of this study lead to the realization of 16.6% efficiency under 1-sun, AM 1.5 global conditions with an Al0.36Ga0.64As solar cell. 相似文献
76.
77.
H Eisaki H Takagi S Uchida H Matsubara S Suga M Nakamura K Yamaguchi A Misu H Namatame A Fujimori 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1990,41(10):7188-7191
78.
Hideki Murayama Shigeki Tomonoh J. Michael Alford Michael E. Karpuk 《Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures》2005,12(1):1-9
In the last decade, application of fullerenes has been proposed actively in a wide range of areas, and recent developments suggest that many of those applications are to be practical technologies. However, there has been no large-scale production enterprise for commercial usage of fullerenes. High production cost and limited availability of fullerenes have been the main obstacle in the development of the Fullerene Market. Improved flame-based technology leads to the most feasible process for mass production of fullerenes, since it is a continuous process and uses inexpensive hydrocarbons as its starting materials. In May 2003, we started fullerene production in tons and more to supply fullerenes with reasonable price as practical materials for industries. 相似文献
79.
M Kohsaka N Fukuda R Kobayashi H Honma S Sakakibara E Koyama O Nakano H Matsubara 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,52(2):252-253
Subjective sleep feelings and motor activity were measured in seven healthy elderly subjects for 6 days. The subjects were exposed to bright light (6000 lux) for 30 min in the morning or instructed to sit in front of a desktop lighting device without light. The average level of motor activity during the night was significantly decreased in the bright light condition, compared with the controlled condition. However, daytime motor activity did not show significant differences between the two conditions. From these findings, even a short duration of morning bright light is effective in maintaining sleep without changing daytime activity. 相似文献
80.
Watanabe M. Mukai S. Matsubara K. Yajima H. 《Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of》1993,29(12):2855-2858
Cross-coupled-mode operation in a twin-stripe laser is analyzed with particular concern for interstripe gain. When the interstripe gain of a twin-stripe laser is high, cross-coupled-mode operation is obtained with a cavity longer than the coupling length of the twin-stripe waveguide. The far-field pattern is single peaked and deflected to the low carrier density side. These characteristics are in contrast to those of the previous model without interstripe gain 相似文献